Large but compact summary with all the chapters you need for the exam. The important images of the lectures are also included, so that's why so many pages. Written partly in English and Dutch.
Biology 180 - Exam 4 with complete solutions(2022)
GGH1503 assignment 03 for 2021
GGH1503 assignment 02 questions and answers 2021
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Liberal Arts And Sciences
Duurzame Ontwikkeling (GEO12103)
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Duurzame ontwikkeling
Living in the Environment 19e
H1
1.1 Key principles of sustainability
Concept A Life on the earth has been sustained for billions of years by solar energy, biodiversity, and
chemical cycling.
Concept B Our lives and economies depend on energy from the sun and on natural resources and
ecosystem services (natural capital) provided by the earth.
Concept C We could live more sustainably by following six principles of sustainability.
Environment= alles om je heen. Zoals planten en dieren, maar ook lucht, water en zonlicht. We zijn
afhankelijk van het life-support system van de aarde.
Environmental science= studie over (1) how the earth works and has survived and thrived, (2) how
humans interact with the environment, (3) how we can live more sustainabily.
Sustainability science= studie over de interactie tussen systemen, de degradatie van deze systemen
en het welzijn van de mens. Dus kijk naar society en environment.
Ecology= hoofdonderdeel van environmental science, focuses on how living organisms interact with
(non)living parts of their environment.
Species= group of organisms
Ecosystem= set organismen in een bepaald gebied
Environmentalism= sociale beweging om de aarde en haar hulpbronnen te beschermen.
Scientific principles of sustainability, zo leren we duurzaamheid:
Dependence on solar energy
The sun’s energy warms the planet and provides energy that plants use to produce nutrients,
for animals to survive.
Biodiversity
Interactions between species provide ecosystems and keep any population from growing too
large. Species diversity (number of species), genetic diversity (variation within species),
functional diversity and ecosystem diversity.
Chemical cycling
Circulatie van chemicaliën en voedingsstoffen die nodig zijn voor leven, vooral in de aarde en
water, ook wel nutrient cycling. Hierbij geldt waste = useful resoucres.
Bij streven naar ontwikkeling, moet er rekening gehouden
worden met: draagkracht van de aarde, sociale rechtvaardigheid
en economische potenties. Hierbij ‘‘Triple-P’’
Prosperity (profit), omvat ook het welzijn van mensen, ze worden
ook gelukkig van andere dingen dan geld, zoals gender gelijkheid.
Natural Capital = Natural Resources + Ecosystem Services
,Principles of sustainability that economics, politics and ethics can provide:
- Full-cost pricing (eco)
- Win-win solutions (pol)
- Responsibility to future generations (eth)
1.2 How are our ecological footprints affecting the earth?
Concept 1.2A Humans dominate the earth with the power to sustain, add to, or degrade the natural capital
that supports all life and human economies.
Concept 1.2B As our ecological footprints grow, we deplete and degrade more of the earth’s natural capital
that sustain us.
Ecological footprint= amount of biologically productive land and water needed to supply a population
in an area with renewable resources and to absorb and recycle the wastes and pollution such
resources use produces. Per capita ecological footprint is the average of an individual or area.
Biocapacity= ability of its productive ecosystems to regenerate the renewable resources used by a
population or area and to absorb the resulting wastes and pollution indefinitely.
IPAT model: Difference ecological footprint & IPAT
Impact = Population X Affluence X Technology
Population size Footprint emphasizes use of renewable
Affluence= resource consumpution per person resources, when IPAT looks at the impact of
Effects of technologies both renewable and nonrenewable
1.3 What causes environmental problems and why do they persist?
Concept 1.3A Basic causes of environmental problems are population growth, wasteful and unsustainable
resource use, poverty, avoidance of full-cost pricing, increasing isolation from nature and
different environmental worldviews.
Concept 1.3B Our environmental worldviews play a key role in determining whether we live unsustainably
or more sustainably.
,Major causes of environmental problems are: population growth, wasteful and unsustainable
resource use, poverty, omission of the harmful environmental and health costs of goods and services
in market prices, increasing isolation from nature and competing environmental worldviews.
Exponential growth= when a quantity increases at a fixed percentage per unit of time.
Poverty= condition in which people lack enough money to fulfill their basic needs for food, water,
shelter, health care and education.
Environmental worldview= your set of assumptions and values concerning how the natural world
works and how you think you should interact with the environment.
- Human-centered, de wereld is er om menselijk leven te ondersteunen.
- Life-centered, alle soorten hebben een rol in de biosfeer.
- Earth-centered, mensen zijn deel van de natuur en steunen erop, maar ook voor andere organisme.
Environmental ethics= study of beliefs about how we treat the environment, bv. waarom geven wij
iets om het milieu.
1.4 What is an environmentally sustainable society?
Concept 1.4 Living sustainably means living on the earth’s natural income without depleting or degrading
the natural capital that supplies it.
Environmentally sustainable society= protects natural capital and lives on its income (natural income).
International politics: environmental summits
1972 Stockholm: New era of cooperation on environment
1982 Nairobi: Attention to need to address the underlying economic and social causes of
environmental problems
1992 Rio de Janeiro: Link between environment and development; practical issues promoting
sustainable development (Agenda 21)
2002 Johannesburg: Ten-year review of the 1992 Earth Summit, reinvigorate global commitment to
sustainable development
2012 Rio de Janeiro: Secure renewed political commitment to sustainable development
2015 Sustainable Development Goals
H2 Science, Matter, Energy and Systems
2.1 What do scientist do?
Concept 2.1 Scientists collect data and develop hypotheses, theories and laws about how nature works.
Science= studie gefocust op het ontdekken van hoe de natuur werkt en hiermee te voorspellen wat
er gaat gebeuren (cause-and-effect patterns). Deze patronen kunnen begrepen worden door
observations, measurements and experimentation. Eerder holistisch (samenhangend) dan
reductionistisch (herleiden tot). Complexity is an intuitive worldview. Seeing the world in a holistic
way.
Kritisch denken:
- Wees sceptisch over alles
- Evalueer uitkomsten en hypotheses met gebruik van input en meningen van verschillende bronnen.
- Identificeer je persoonlijke voorspelling en overtuiging en sluit dit buiten de feiten.
Reliable science= data hypothesis, model, theory and law.
Unreliable science= peer review
Tentative science= scientific conclusions can be modified or replaced.
, 2.2 What is matter and what happens when it undergoes change?
Concept 2.2A Matter consists of elements and compounds, which in turn are made up of atoms, ions or
molecules.
Concept 2.2B Whenever matter undergoes a physical or chemical changer, no atoms are created or
destroyed (the law of conservation of matter).
Matter= alles dat massa heeft en plek opneemt (solid, liquid and gas & elements and compounds).
Element= type matter met een unieke set van bezittingen en kan niet kleiner gemaakt worden in
simpelere substanties.
Compounds= combinatie van 2 of meerdere elementen. Most matter consists of compounds.
Building block of matter:
1. Atom= kleinste unit van een matter waarin een element in verdeeld kan worden. Elke
verschillende atoom bezit een bepaald aantal van 3 typen van subatomic particles:
- Neutrons, with no electrical charge
- Protons, positive electrical charge
- Electrons, negative electrical charge
Mass number= massa van een atom, totale kern van p+n (nucleus).
Isotopes= element heeft zelfde atomische nummer (pr in nucleus) maar met verschillende
massa nummers.
2. Molecule= combinatie van 2 of meer atomen van dezelfde of verschillende elementen
samengehouden door chemical bonds.
3. Ion= atoom of een groep atomen met één of meer net positieve of negatieve van het
verliezen/winnen van negatief opgeladen elektronen.
Zijn belangrijk voor het meten van de zuurtegraad(acidity) van een stof.
Acidity= pH-waarde, elke verandering hierin is het hoger of lager worden van de concentratie van
hydrogen ions in een liter van die stof (logaritmische schaal) acidic-neutral-basic solution
Chemische formules worden gebruikt voor nummers van iedere type atoom of ion in een compound
(verbinding). Een formule bevat het symbool en het nummer van de atoom of ions van elk element
(H2O). Verbindingen: ionic compound, covalent compounds (onopgeladen atomen).
Organic compounds= chemicaliën in je lichaam, bestaan tenminste uit 2 carbon atomen verbonden
met atomen van 1 of meer elementen, behalve methaan=1 carbon. Meeste bezitten hydrocarbons=
koolwaterstoffen.
- Simple carbohydrates, die carbon-hydrogen-oxyen atoms bezitten. Bv. glucose die veel dieren en
planten afbreken voor energie.
- Macromolecules, (complexer) grote groep van simple organic molecules (monomers) samen komen
in een chemisch verband. Typen:
1. Complex carbohydrates, bestaat uit 2 over meer monomers van simple sugar. Bv. zetmelen die
planten opslaan voor dieren die ervan eten.
2. Proteins, ketens van amino acids (monomer). Kan energie leveren, hormonen of enzymen.
3. Nucleic aids, vele monomers genaamd nucleotides. Deze bestaan uit phosphate group, a suger
molecule en 1 van de 4 verschillende nucleotide bases (A/G/C/T). Twee nucleic acids (DNA&RNA)
verspreiden informatie van ouder naar kind (hydrogen bonds).
4. Lipids, bv. vetten en olie voor opslaan van energie, wax voor structuur and steroids voor homonen.
No dot dissolve in water.
Cell theory= het idee dat alle levende dingen bestaan uit cellen. DNA-moleculen zijn gemaakt van
nucleotides genaamd genen (met genetic info). Deze code hierin is een trait tussen ouder en
offspring. Duizenden genen maken 1 chromosoom.
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