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Samenvatting musculoskeletaal systeem
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Bondige samenvatting betreffende het hoofdstuk musculoskeletaal systeem
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Biology, Raven - Exam Preparation Test Bank (Downloadable Doc)
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Musculoskeletaal systeem1) Typen van skelet
hydroskelet invertebraten met zachte lichamen (wormen)
met vloeistofgevulde holte
voortbeweging: peristaltische beweging =contracties circulaire + longitudinale spieren
beweging vloeistof
exoskelet Arthropoda
stevige structuur
bescherming + aanhechting spieren
cuticula = verharde buitenlaag (bij Arthropoda = chitine)
ecdysis = vervelling
endoskelet Echinodermata, vertebraten
Echinodermata = calciet skelet
vertebraten (chordaten) = been calciumfosfaat / kraakbeen skelet
→ axiaal skelet:
- lichaams-as
- bescherming organen
- schedel + wervelkolom
→ appendiculair skelet:
- schouder-/ pectorale gordel + voorpoten
bekken-/ pelvische gordel + achterpoten
2) Opbouw van beenweefsel + beencellen
beenontwikkeling *been = hard, veerkrachtig bindweefsel enkel vertebraten!!
intramembranaire ontwikkeling bindweefsel been (externe beenderen, schedel)
mesenchymale stamcellen osteoblasten in collageen weefsel
osteoblasten: opbouw beenmatrix
collageenmatrix verkalkt beenmatrix
sommige cellen osteocyten in lacunae (beenholten)
*canaliculli (=uitlopers osteocyten); communicatie
*blast = opbouwen
clast = afbreken
*blast = onvolgroeide beencel
cyst = gedifferentieerde beencel
, endochondrale ontwikkeling kraakbeen been (diepgelegen beenderen)
1. kraakbeenmodel door chondrocyten
2. vorming beenkraag; beenkraag periosteum
3. chondrocyten groeien; kraakbeen verkalkt
4. primair verbeningscentrum;
- vorming bloedvaten
- osteoblasten; verkalkte kraakbeen beenmatrix; spongieus been
5. secundaire verbeningscentra gevormd in epyfysen van lange beenderen
lengtegroei; vanuit epifysale plaat =kraakbeencellen in epifyse
diktegroei; vanuit periosteum (beenvlies)
beenstructuur
compact been: buitenste dense laag
mergbeen: omgeeft mergholte (beenmerg)
spongieus been: binnenin epifyse
endosteum: dun weefsel met mesenchymale cellen;
omgeeft mergholte
zoogdieren:
→ vasculaire beenderen; osteocyten + kanalen van Havers
= cellulaire beenderen
vogels + vissen:
→ avasculaire beenderen; geen osteocyten
= acellulaire beenderen
*krachten/ sporten; dichtheid van het botweefsel verhogen
*osteoporose: =ontkalking; snellere afbraak dan aanmaak van been beenderen poreus/zwak
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