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Samenvatting Behandeling: Interventies binnen de Orthopedagogiek

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Samenvatting voor het vak Behandeling: Interventies binnen de Orthopedagogiek. De uitgebreide samenvatting is volledig gebaseerd op het boek Behavior Modification en in het Engels geschreven.

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  • September 22, 2021
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Behandeling: Interventies binnen de orthopedagogiek
Literatuur: Martin, G., & Pear, J. (2019). Behavior modification: What is it and how to do it.

Chapter 1: Introduction

What is behavior?

 Behavior (generally) = anything that a person says or does
 Behavior (technically) = any muscular/ glandular/ electrical activity of an organism
 Products of behavior = consequences of behavior
 Overt behavior = could be observed by/ recorded by an individual other than the one
performing the behavior (public)
 Covert behavior = cannot be observed by others (private); also cognitive behaviors  e.g.
private self-talk (thinking in words), imagining

Characteristics of behavior that can be measured; dimensions of behavior

a. Duration = length of the time that it lasts
b. Rate = number of instances that occur in a period of time
c. Intensity/ force = psychical effort or energy involved in emitting the behavior

Behavioral language = Summary labels for behavior - to talk about concept behaviorally; e.g.
intelligence, attitudes, creativity

Positive reasons for use of summary labels/ labels for behavior patterns

- Useful for quickly providing general information on how an individual might perform
- Labels may imply that a particular treatment program will be useful

Disadvantages for the use of summery labels

- Pseudo-explanations (false) of behavior; circular reasoning
- Can negatively affect the way an individual might be treated

Defining problems as

- Behavioral deficits = too little behavior of a particular type
- Behavioral excess = too much behavior of a particular type

Because

- Avoidance using general summery labels (problems)
- Behavior causes concern and behavior must be used to alleviate the problem
- Specific procedures are available that can be used to improve behavior (= behavior
modification)

Behavior modification = systematic application of learning principles and techniques to asses and
improve the overt and covert behaviors of individuals in order to enhance their daily

7 main characteristics of behavior modification

1. Strong emphasis on defining problems in terms of behavior that can be measured in some
way and using changes in the behavioral measure of the problem as the best indicator of the
extent to which the problem is being helped

, 2. Treatment procedures and techniques are ways of altering an individuals current
environment  Stimuli = physical variables that make up a person’s environment; people/
objects/ events currently present in one’s immediate surroundings that impinge on one’s
receptors and that can affect behavior
3. Methods and rationales can be described precisely
4. The techniques of behavior are often applied by individuals in everyday life
5. The techniques stem from basic and applied research in the science of learning
6. Behavior modification emphasizes scientific demonstration that a particular intervention or
treatment was responsible for a particular behavior change
7. Places high value on accountability for everyone involved in behavior modification programs

Target behaviors = behaviors to be improved in a behavior modification program

Behavior assessment = the collection and analysis of information and data, in order to

a. Identify and describe target behaviors
b. Identify possible causes of behavior
c. Guide the selection of an appropriate behavioral treatment
d. Evaluate treatment outcome

Classical/ Pavlovian/ Respondent conditioning

 Pavlov  Demonstrated with a dog that pairing a stimulus such as a bell with food taught
the dog to salivate to the bell alone
 Watson & Rayner  Demonstrated Pavlovian conditioning of a fear response in an 11-
month-infant
 Jones  Demonstrated “de-conditioning” of a fear in an infant
 Wolpe  Developed a behavioral treatment for specific phobias
 Eyseneck  First to refer to Wolpe’s approach as behavior therapy

Operant conditioning

Skinner

 Distinguished between Pavlovian conditioning and operant conditioning (= type of learning in
which behavior is modified by its consequences; rewards and punishers)
 Application of operant conditioning is behavior modification

Applied Behavior Analysis

Baer, Wolf, Risley

Dimensions of Applied Behavior Analysis

a. Focus on measurable behavior that is socially significant
b. Strong emphasis on operant conditioning to develop treatment strategies
c. Attempt to clearly demonstrate that the applied treatment was responsible for the
improvements in the behavior that was measured
d. A demonstration of generalizable and long-lasting improvements in behavior

Cognitive Behavior Therapy

Ellis  Help people with irrational beliefs, replace them with more rational self-statements

,Beck  Assumed that dysfunctional thinking could cause depression and other problems, referred to
strategies for recognizing maladaptive thinking and replacing it with adaptive thinking; cognitive
therapy/ cognitive behavior modification/ cognitive behavior therapy

Behavior analysis

Behavior analysis = study of scientific laws that govern the behavior of human beings and other
animals

3 types of individuals that behavior modification refers to

1. Applied behavior analysts
2. Cognitive behavior therapists
3. Everyone else

Notes for further learning

1. Behavioral assessment emerged as alternative to traditional psychodiagnostic assessment
2. Psychoanalytic approaches to abnormal behavior originated with Freud a.o. who viewed
abnormal behavior as a symptom of underlying mental disturbance in personality
3. Major purpose of traditional diagnostic assessment was to identify the type of mental
disorder underlying the abnormal behavior (assumption)
4. DSMs beginning 1987 much improved
 Research instead of theory
 Categories of problem behavior
 Multidimensional recording system
 Official diagnoses needed for agencies/ insurance



Chapter 2: Areas of application

Parenting and child management

 Behavioral techniques have been applied to help parents teach their children to walk,
develop initial language skills, use the toilet and perform household chores
 Parents have also been taught behavioral strategies for solving their children’s sleep
problems and decreasing problem behaviors, such as nail biting, temper tantrums, aggressive
behaviors, disregarding rules, noncompliance with parents’ requests and frequent arguing
 Some behavior problems are so complex that parents an behavioral therapists both treat the
problem

Education

Behavior modification approach to university teaching (Keller, 1968)

a. The instructional goals for a course are stated in the form of study questions and application
exercises
b. Students are given the opportunity to demonstrate their mastery of the course content
through frequent tests or some combination of tests and assignments
c. Students are given detailed information at the beginning of the course about what is
expected of them on the tests and assignments in order to achieve various letter grades

, Result: A great majority of students are more motivated to remain focused on the task at hand and a
high percentage earn As/Bs in the course

Personalized System of Instruction - PSI (Keller)

 Mastery criteria (students must perform at a high level on a test or written assignment
before proceeding to the next part of the course)
 Use of student assistants (to immediately score tests or written assignments

Computer-aided PSI – CAPSI

 Students in the same course who mastered a given unit of study material can act as proctors
 Measurable feedback accuracy by peer reviewers and compliance with feedback by students
 May enhance creativity
 Receive more feedback

Developmental disabilities

Intellectual disabilities  Many studies demonstrated the effectiveness of behavioral techniques for
teaching behaviors, such as toileting, self-help skills, communication skills, other social skills, leisure-
time behaviors and a variety of community survival behaviors

Autism Spectrum Disorder  Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention (EIBI) = Teach social and play
behaviors, eliminate self-stimulatory behaviors, develop language skills; long-lasting gains

Schizophrenia  Teaching positive social interaction, communication skills, assertiveness skills, job
finding skills, alleviating problems caused by hallucinations or delusions

Psychological problems  anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders, stress-related
problems, depression, obesity, marital problems, sexual dysfunction, habit disorders

Self-management and personal problems

Successful self-modification requires a set of skills that can be learned, these require ways of
rearranging your environment

Medical and health care

Behavioral medicine = broad interdisciplinary field concerned with the links between health, illness
and behavior

Health psychologists have applied behavior modification in 5 major areas

1. Direct treatment of medical problems; e.g. biofeedback (= continuously providing the
individual with their physiological information)
2. Establishing treatment compliance
3. Promotion of health living
4. Management of caregivers
5. Stress management

Nisbet & Gick (2008): Health psychology could help save the planet, because healthier living leads to
a cleaner environment

Gerontology

 Developing and learning new routines

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