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Uitgebreide college-aantekeningen Immunologie
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Zeer uitgebreide (hoor)college-aantekeningen van het vak Immunologie, inclusief afbeeldingen
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InhoudHoorcollege 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 2
H1 Elements of the Immune System and their Roles in Defense........................................................ 2
H2 Innate Immunity: the Immediate Response to Infection............................................................... 8
Hoorcollege 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 10
H3 Innate Immunity: the Induced Response to Infection ................................................................. 10
Aantekeningen WG1 ......................................................................................................................... 16
Hoorcollege 3 ........................................................................................................................................ 16
H4 Antibody Structure and the Generation of B-cell Diversity ......................................................... 16
Hoorcollege 4 ........................................................................................................................................ 21
H5 Antigen Recognition by T Lymphocytes ....................................................................................... 21
Hoorcollege 5 ........................................................................................................................................ 26
H6 The Development of B Lymphocytes ........................................................................................... 26
H9 Immunity Mediated by B cells and Antibodies ........................................................................... 30
Hoorcollege 6 ........................................................................................................................................ 32
H5 Antigen Recognition by T lymphocytes ....................................................................................... 32
H7 The Development of T Lymphocytes ........................................................................................... 34
Hoorcollege 7 ........................................................................................................................................ 36
H8 T-cell Mediated Immunity ............................................................................................................ 36
Hoorcollege 8 ........................................................................................................................................ 41
H9 Immunity Mediated by B Cells and Antibodies............................................................................ 41
Hoorcollege 9 ........................................................................................................................................ 49
H10 Preventing infection at mucosal surfaces .................................................................................. 49
H16 Disruption of Healthy Tissue by the Adaptive Immune Response............................................. 55
Hoorcollege 10 ...................................................................................................................................... 58
H11 Immunological memory and vaccination................................................................................... 58
Hoorcollege 11 ...................................................................................................................................... 67
H14 IgE-mediated Immunity and Allergy .......................................................................................... 67
Hoorcollege 12 ...................................................................................................................................... 73
H17 Cancer and its interaction with the immune system ................................................................. 73
1
,Hoorcollege 1
H1 Elements of the Immune System and their Roles in Defense
Why do we have or need an immune system?
• To survive infections (viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites)
• The immune system protects against infectious diseases (chickenpox, measles, rubella)
• The immune system has a memory
Disturbed immune system
Autoimmune diseases: immune responses against 'self'
= ontstaat doordat het immuunsysteem lichaamseigen cellen en stoffen als lichaamsvreemd ziet. Het
lichaam gaat dan antilichamen tegen de eigen weefsels vormen. Een afweerrespons tegen jezelf.
Kom je nooit meer vanaf
➢ Voorbeelden: diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus
Immune responses against innocuous molecules (onschuldige moleculen)
➢ Voorbeelden: hooikoorts, allergieën, coeliac disease
Kanker: ongecontroleerde groei van kankercellen die gezonde cellen wegdrukken
➢ Kankercellen bijna gelijk aan gezonde cellen
➢ Immuunsysteem leert om die vreemde cellen te detecteren, maar niet altijd
Transplantatie: geschikte donor die qua immuunsysteem op je lijkt nodig, anders orgaan afgestoten
The immune system
• Balance between activation and inactivation (immunity vs tolerance)
- Turn on/off
- Active process
• Artificially induce immune responses
- Vaccination
- Anti-tumor therapy
- Kunstmatig stimuleren van immuunsysteem
• Disturbed immunity/tolerance
- Reject transplanted organ
- Allergy
- Autoimmunity (MS, Rheuma, Diabetes)
Different types of pathogens require different defense mechanisms:
• Virus
• Bacterium
• Fungus
• Protozal parasite
• Multicellular parasite
2
,Extra- and intra-cellular pathogens
• Virussen vaak eerst extracellulair maar nodig om cel binnen
te dringen voor reproductie
• Pathogeen binnen de cel: makkelijker om hele cel te doden
• Afweermechanisme: cytotoxines
• How can the immune system defend the body against these
many different pathogens?
➢ Requirement for different types of effector cells
and molecules
Diversity in immune cells
• Innate immune system: fast, but not specific (macrophage granulocytes, complementsystem,
NK cells, neutrophils)
➢ Alle myeloïde cellen + NK-cellen
• Adaptive immune system: slow, but specific and memory (lymphocytes: B- & T-cells)
• Werken samen
Cells of the immune system
• Gemaakt in beenmerg
• Stamcellen kunnen nog in alles ontwikkelen (hematopoetic stem cells)
• Belangrijke beslissing stamcellen: lymfoïde of myeloïde cellen?
- Myeloïde cellen (o.a. rode bloedcellen en bloedplaatjes) leiden tot granulocyten,
monocyten > macrofagen, vaak afwijkende kernen/vormen
- Lymfoïde cellen leiden tot NK-cellen, B- en T-cellen, mooie ronde kernen
Polymorphonuclear granulocytes: (versus mononuclear cells: lymphocytes and monocytes)
• Neutrophil
• Eosinophil
• Basophil
Leukocyten: witte bloedcellen
Neutrophil lymphocyte meest voorkomend: soldaat van innate immune system (snel ter plekke,
maar ook snel dood)
Three lines of defense against invasion by pathogens: 1) barriers 2) innate 3) adaptive immune
system
1. Barrières: huid, haren, mucosale weefsels (met
slijm): luchtwegen, maagdarmstelsel en
voortplantingsstelsel > 1 laagje epitheel tussen
binnen- en buitenwereld: heel gevoelig voor infectie
- The surface area of mucosal tissues is huge:
huid veel minder dan longen en mucosale
weefsels > meer mogelijkheid tot indringen
pathogenen
- Epitheel met tight junctions verbonden
- In mucus antimicrobiële peptides (kunnen
bacteriën doden), eigen bacteriële flora
Pathogeen toch soms binnen op weefsel > aangeboren
immuunsysteem
2. Innate Immune System: wordt bij infectie direct geactiveerd
3
, 3. Adaptive Immune System: als innate niet genoeg was, geheugen, genereert nieuwe
specifieke cellen, adaptieve respons verbetert tijdens respons
Macrofaag: eten pathogenen, behoren tot aangeboren immuunsysteem en worden geactiveerd,
maken cytokinen (signaleren cellen in bloedvaten), bloedvaten beetje lek > veel vloeistof binnen >
zwelling/ontsteking
Inflammation is caused by innate recognition
• Classic signs of inflammation: calor (heat), dolor (pain), rubor (redness) and tumor (swelling)
• Influx of cells: neutrophils, macrophages, phagocytosis of bacteria
➢ Neutrofielen: kort levende
cellen die de primaire
immuunrespons vormen
waarmee infecties snel
gecontroleerd worden.
Neutrofielen fagocyteren
bacteriën en schimmels. Een
tekort aan neutrofielen leidt
tot een grotere gevoeligheid
voor vooral bacteriële infecties
➢ Neutrofielen worden
opgeslagen in het beenmerg
en worden vrijgelaten als ze
moeten vechten tegen een
infectie. De neutrofielen gaan naar het ontstoken weefsel. De neutrofielen gaan
daarna dood in het weefsel en de macrofagen ruimen ze op. Pus bestaat uit dode
neutrofielen
• Signalling by secretion of soluble proteins (cytokines)
• Leakage of blood vessels, swelling of the tissue
What are cytokines and chemokines
• Cytokines and chemokines are small soluble proteins secreted by cells
• Immune cells have receptors for cytokines/chemokines
• Cytokines can signal in an autocrine (same cell that secretes) and paracrine (other cell) fashion
• Cytokines stimulate cell division and activation
• Chemokines stimulate migration
4
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