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Full summary of the Emotion part (MLE)

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an entire summary of the Emotion part of the course for MLE

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  • October 4, 2021
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  • 2020/2021
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Emotion

Lecture 1: Introduction and Approaches

How little do we know about emotions?

Key ideas and errors of the movie “inside out”:
1. There are few basic emotions (fear, sadness, joy, anger,
disgust)
- Basic emotion theories; most commonly used in psychology books
o Panksepp’s list of basic emotions: expectancy, fear, rage,
panic
o There are many proposed classification schemes for basic
emotions
- Basic emotions are irreducible (to atoms) and distinct (separate and
not intertwined; distinct characters in inside out)
o There is not much evidence for the existence of basic
emotions
o Maybe basic emotions are like molecules? -> build-up of a
partly shared collection of components (build-up of atoms)
o Why should scientific categories of emotions map on the
names we have for them?
- How to taxonomize (classify) emotions?
o How many are there? What should we name them?
o Do they differ per culture and species?
o Can we use the same “fear” for people, dogs, birds, etc.?
o How and why did they arise from evolution?
2. Emotions are like reflexes
- Idea that emotions are pretty automatic and simple; specific stimuli
trigger specific emotions
o But… many different stimuli can trigger emotions,
depending on the context and individual
- Which emotions are triggered by which stimuli under which
circumstances?
o What role do development dan learning play?
3. Emotions control behavior
- The idea that behavior is controlled from inside to outside by our
emotions
o Specific emotions cause fixed and specific behaviors
o But. Other ideas are proposed: “I feel afraid because I run
from the bear” -> turning this “inside out” idea around
- What are causal links between stimuli, emotions, and behavior?
o Do internal states cause behavior, or are they an
epiphenomenon; just a side effect of behavior? Or, are
they a consequence of behavior?
o Could we identify emotions in absence of behavior?
o Emotions as “decoupled reflexes”; internal states that
afford a flexible mapping from stimuli to behavior

, 4. Emotions are localized to specific brain regions
- Different emotions are localized in different discrete brain regions
(modules)
o Supported by some brain lesions and older fMRI studies
o Biased due to focus specifically on brain region of interest
before scanning. Not supported by more recent work
- How is the processing of emotion carried out across the brain?
o Are there identifiable neural substrates that implement
specific emotion states?
o Or is any given emotional state produced in such a highly
distributed manner that it’s impossible to assign a function to
any emotion brain circuit?
5. Emotions are conscious homunculi
- Emotions are conscious experiences in the brain and must therefore
be found in the brain
o Experience is however a global property, and the
mechanisms that produce it do not themselves have that
property
- Can we separate emotional states from conscious experiences of
emotion?
o Emotions and feelings are not the same thing
o Distinguish between emotions as internal functional states vs
conscious experience of emotions (feelings)

Toward a science of emotion
Different types of data exist on emotions:
- Conscious feelings: feeling emotions
- Attributing emotions through observations and behavior:
infer that people have an emotion based on behavior
- Neurobiological emotion state: record traces of emotion in the
brain

,Emotional state data are collected in different disciplines (psychology,
neuroscience, ethology), but all refer to the same thing: “internal




emotional state”

So, different approaches, different explanations, different data

An introduction to approaches to emotion
1. Charles Darwin; Expression and perception of emotion
- The “father of emotion science”
- Focus on physical expression of emotions; facial muscles
o His approach fits in “observation of behavior” (behavior in the
figure above)
o There are several basic emotions that are largely innate
o There is a universal expression of emotions in human beings
- Emotion expression had an adaptive function
o “Serviceable associated habits”; expressions of emotions
have an ancestral survival-related adaptive function
o Emotion expression originally served for survival, not social
communication
o Emotion states can be observed in animal behavior
o In humans, expressions may have lost their original
function, and now primarily serve social
communication
- Darwin was not holding back with anthropomorphism; assigning
human conscious states to animal behavior
o Linking emotion to animal expressions:
o We have good consensus for the emotional meaning of
expressions by animals that we interact with extensively; cats,
dogs

, o For others (mice, chimpanzee) it’s hard to detect without
context
o In invertebrates (octopus, fly), it’s basically impossible
without extensive studying
- Similarities across cultures and species, and innate basic
emotions, inspired Paul Ekman; the founder of big 5/6 emotions
o Basic facial expressions that are linked to the basic emotions
o How consistent is this across cultures?
 Showed overlap between different countries, and even
with New Guinea and Borneo tribes
o Also, study with isolated Papua New Guineans; never seen
outsiders, tv, magazines, no written language
 Approach: tell brief emotional stories, then let them
match a face photograph
 Result: high agreement (correct choosing of face),
except for fear vs surprise; hard to distinguish
o Facial Affect Coding System (FACS); by Ekman
 It breaks down facial expressions (not just emotions)
into components of certain muscle movements
 “Action Units” (AUs) from the FACS are used by
scientists, animators, etc.
 AUs can be combined to create emotional expressions.
One AU describes a certain combination of facial muscle
movements; e.g., “inner brow raised” = AU1.
Happiness/joy = AU6 + AU12
 “Duchenne smile” = when your mouth is smiling but
eyes do not move accordingly. This is hard to do since
upper facial muscles are more difficult to control
- Darwin: Adaptive functions of expressions of fear and
disgust
o As a function to regulate sensory exposure:
 Fear: increase sensory exposure; detect source of
threat/predator
 Disgust: decrease sensory exposure; to avoid
contaminants
o Fearful and disgusted
faces are approximately
opposite appearances;
the “antiface” of fear is
similar to the disgust
face ->
o Does posing (imitating)
fear and disgust have
opposite effects on
perception and action?
 Visual Field size: larger with fear, smaller with disgust
 Eye Movements during target detection: faster with
fear, slower with disgust

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