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,Inhoudsopgave
1 DEELTJESMODEL .......................................................................................................................................................... 6
1.2 HET ATOOMMODEL .................................................................................................................................. 8
Het atoom......................................................................................................................................................11
Het atoomnummer = Z = aantal protonen ...................................................................................................12
Het massagetal (nucleongetal) = A = aantal protonen + aantal neutronen................................................13
Elektronenconfiguratie .................................................................................................................................14
1.3 HET PERIODIEK SYSTEEM DER ELEMENTEN (PSE) ..................................................................................21
Het periodiek systeem ..................................................................................................................................21
1.4 ATOOMMASSA, MOLECUULMASSA, MOLAIRE MASSA .........................................................................26
Soorten massa ...............................................................................................................................................26
De absolute atoommassa van een atoom ....................................................................................................26
De relatieve atoommassa (𝐴𝑟) van een atoom............................................................................................27
Molecuulmassa = M = som alle individuele atomen...................................................................................27
De absolute en relatieve atoommassa .........................................................................................................28
De absolute en relatieve molecuulmassa ....................................................................................................29
De stofhoeveelheid .......................................................................................................................................29
Het getal van Avogadro ................................................................................................................................29
Mol .................................................................................................................................................................30
Molaire massa ...............................................................................................................................................30
Stoichiometrische berekeningen ..................................................................................................................33
2 STOFFEN .................................................................................................................................................................. 36
2.1 MENGSELS ...............................................................................................................................................40
Heterogene mengsels ...................................................................................................................................40
Homogene mengsels .....................................................................................................................................40
Colloïdale mengsels ......................................................................................................................................40
Filteren...........................................................................................................................................................43
Extraheren .....................................................................................................................................................44
Chromatografie .............................................................................................................................................44
Absorberen en adsorberen ...........................................................................................................................45
Decanteren ....................................................................................................................................................46
Destilleren .....................................................................................................................................................46
Kristalliseren..................................................................................................................................................46
Centrifugeren ................................................................................................................................................47
Het scheidingsschema ...................................................................................................................................47
2.2 ZUIVERE STOFFEN....................................................................................................................................49
Soorten zuivere stoffen.................................................................................................................................49
Katherine Pulinx 2
, De coëfficiënt en index van moleculen ........................................................................................................51
2.3 ENKELVOUDIGE STOFFEN .......................................................................................................................58
Enkelvoudige stoffen ....................................................................................................................................58
Indeling van enkelvoudige stoffen ...............................................................................................................59
Chemische formule .......................................................................................................................................59
Elementen .....................................................................................................................................................60
De enkelvoudige stoffen: formulevorming ..................................................................................................61
De eigenschappen van enkelvoudige stoffen ..............................................................................................64
triviale namen en hun stoffen ......................................................................................................................66
2.4 SAMENGESTELDE STOFFEN .....................................................................................................................67
Anorganische stoffen ....................................................................................................................................69
Zuren..............................................................................................................................................................70
Bereiding van zuren ......................................................................................................................................70
Inleiding en samenstelling ............................................................................................................................70
De zuurfunctie ...............................................................................................................................................71
Naamgeving bij de formules van zuren ........................................................................................................73
Eigenschappen van zuren .............................................................................................................................78
Enkele belangrijke zuren ...............................................................................................................................81
Basen of hydroxiden .....................................................................................................................................82
Bereiding van basen of hydroxiden ..............................................................................................................82
Samenstelling ................................................................................................................................................82
De basenfunctie ............................................................................................................................................83
Naamgeving bij de formules van basen .......................................................................................................84
Fysische eigenschappen van basen ..............................................................................................................87
Enkele belangrijke basen of hydroxiden ......................................................................................................89
Oxiden ...........................................................................................................................................................90
Zouten............................................................................................................................................................92
Bereiding van zouten ....................................................................................................................................93
Naamgeving bij de formules van zouten ......................................................................................................97
Eigenschappen van zouten ...........................................................................................................................99
Toepassingen ...............................................................................................................................................103
Nog enkele IUPAC-namen ...........................................................................................................................104
triviale namen van anorganische stoffen ...................................................................................................104
Organische stoffen ......................................................................................................................................106
n-alkanen .....................................................................................................................................................106
n-alkanolen (alcoholen) ..............................................................................................................................113
n-alkaanzuren (carbonzuren)......................................................................................................................116
Katherine Pulinx 3
, verzadigde organische verbindingen ..........................................................................................................118
Zure-base indicatoren en de pH-schaal ......................................................................................................118
2.5 DE CHEMISCHE BINDING .......................................................................................................................121
Bindingstypes ..............................................................................................................................................122
De stabiele edelgasconfiguratie .................................................................................................................122
Vorming van ionen ......................................................................................................................................123
Het oxidatiegetal .........................................................................................................................................126
De redoxreactie ...........................................................................................................................................133
Soorten redoxreacties .................................................................................................................................134
De ionbinding ..............................................................................................................................................137
Octetregel ....................................................................................................................................................137
Ontstaan en verklaring van de ionbinding .................................................................................................138
Vorming van positieve ionen ......................................................................................................................139
Vorming van negatieve ionen .....................................................................................................................139
Vorming van ionen in PSE ...........................................................................................................................139
Kenmerken van de ionbinding ....................................................................................................................140
De covalente binding (of atoombinding)..................................................................................................142
De metaalbinding ........................................................................................................................................144
Binding tussen metaalatomen ....................................................................................................................145
Eigenschappen van metaal .........................................................................................................................145
Legering .......................................................................................................................................................147
2.6 ROOSTERTYPES......................................................................................................................................154
De roostertypes ...........................................................................................................................................154
Microscopische structuren of roosters.......................................................................................................154
Atoomroosters ............................................................................................................................................154
Ionroosters ..................................................................................................................................................155
Metaalroosters ............................................................................................................................................156
Molecule roosters .......................................................................................................................................158
Nog enkele voorbeelden .............................................................................................................................159
2.7 VEILIGHEID EN DUURZAAMHEID ..........................................................................................................160
Het etiket .....................................................................................................................................................160
Gevarenklassen ...........................................................................................................................................162
Gevarensymbool .........................................................................................................................................162
Aard van het gevaar ....................................................................................................................................164
Veiligheidsmaatregelen ..............................................................................................................................165
P/H zinnen ...................................................................................................................................................166
Duurzaamheidsprincipes ............................................................................................................................166
Katherine Pulinx 4
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