A comprehensive summary of the course Instrumental Analysis (WBFA005-06) of the Bachelor of Pharmacy at the University of Groningen (RUG). It contains all the information from the lectures and the practicals/lab. The summary is written in English.
3 .
Concentration polarization
=
because CONC .
Oxidator is → So there is less
migration arive !
Constant at electro de suface (< CONC .
bulk Solution ,
the
electrode potential becomes more
negative
, ELECTROANALYSIS
2. Diffusion =
passive transport of molecules ,
takes place >
current only measured if ox + red take place at same tinne
because Concentration
> DE is smalt so with Couple happen
of a
gradient only redox
dit
fincient ""
-
from high > low Concentration entratio >
current is limited by # e- in Solution # e-
area
graaien ,
= 0kt Solution
f ¥1
,
Fick's law of diffusion Da A I licatn / lianoael
'
Veq
-
first → after
=
: -
dx
= =
before and
DCI in
'
diffusion on A, Ax Area 1- anodic Currents ④ Catholic Currents -0
-
rate ✗
=
;
=
depen Óant on
Concentration gradient gets > [ox] [red ]
-
overtime maximum titration
smaller i is measuredwnere = → at
halfway
" [ OX ] =
[ RED ]
-
• at Yzway
↳
(
'
0 diffusion stops
' -
When ,
÷
,
-
diffusion di stand ddiff = IDI vt" [
veq
= 0
> no reaox Couple so no current
in
i i
helpend
-
÷
bij Convention =
moving molecules in solution by >
: a .
Mechanical processies (Stirling ) u
vt
"
a b c
↳
makes transport more efficient a: anavyte + reageert electro active Î
We constant
b :
analiste reactive
\ Karl Fischer :
convection =
constant tnickness diffusion C:
reageert reactive
layer ( d )
.tt#it0A-
^
iiim =
.
(a titrant is electroactine
v
↳ smaller → current T
°
> half wave potential
-
Eyz =
E- -
Éreference
of
•
giues info about Identity anauyte
Amperometry
>
rotating disk electro de →
iiim
× [( Jburr
iiim target mijner Speed → d gets →
i
gets trigger
•
at smaller
>
titrations :
current is measured for endpoint
1. mono -
amperometry =
rotating Platinum electro de + reference electro de
(must be plateau)
-
potential aifference is constant in
limiting current
-
curves :
jij ] ✓ a:
b :
analyte
reageert
is
is
oxiaized
oxidized
vi.
b c:
analyte + are oxidized
a c
reageert
↳
if reduction current is Negative
:
2. bi -
amperometry =
2 of the same metal electrodes in a stirred System
Karl
•
Fischer water titration :
water necessary for reaction to
takes place
•
smak constant
potential difference
Ecatn Eanoae
•
no reference electrode → +
charge , dependirg on
Concentration of Speaks
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