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Summary All the lectures of Sensory Science
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Notes/summary of the lectures + knowledge clips of the course Principles of Sensory Science.
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Principles of Sensory ScienceLecture 1: Smell and trigeminal
Food perception
Influenced by:
- Outside mouth
o Vision
o Smell
o Audition
o Texture
- Insde mouth
o Taste
o Smell
o Trigeminal
o Texture
o Audition
Functions of smell
- Food
Smell influence the taste
o Important to flavor perception
- Social life
o Hygiene and perfumes
o Pheromones/body odors
Based on smell; there can be sexual attraction, recognition
o Emotions and memory
Sense of smell is very close to the emotion and memory area in the brain
- Safety
Smell can be a warning
- Symptoms of disease
Losing sense of smell can be a symptom of a disease
Anatomy and physiology of the olfactory system
From nose to brain
o Odor molecules in the air
binds to odorant receptors
Cranial nerve I
Glomerulus
, Signals are transferred to higher brain regions via
olfactory bulb
o Odor receptors
Different types
One glomerulus receives
the signals from one type
of receptors
Combination of activated
receptors are causing a
smell
Family of olfactory receptors (OR)
genes
Part of GPCR family
Receptors recognize only
small, structural features
on each molecule
All have the same in the cell membrane, but differ of functional
structure
One odor can activate multiple neurons (=odor receptors)
Odor identity = a pattern of activated glomeruli codes
In the brain
From the bolb straight to the piriform
cortex (= is closely connected to the limbic
system), does not pass the thalamus
Orbitofrontal cortex
Odor quality coding
Overlapping activation in the piriform cortex,
but per odor unique.
Can change based on learning/experience
o Coding in the brain changes
In summary:
Odor perception and measurement
Oder quantity and categorization
, o Plato: Pleasant vs Unpleasant
Not always the same for humans
o Smell is not analitycal It’s abstract and synthetic
Wine aroma wheel
o Inner cirkels more general
o Outer cirkels more detailed
Measuring olfactory function
o Sniffing sticks
Identification name of identify odors
Discrimination how well distinguish/tell odors apart
Detection threshold when does somebody detect the smell
o Olfactometer
Controlled and fast
o Normative values
For objective testing
Clinical diagnoses for examble
- Odor sensitivity
o Individuals have different sensitivity for selected smells
o Thresholds differ per smell
In concentrations ppm/ppb/ppt ranges
o Mostly it’s not necessary to know the amount of the odor
More important to detect a type of odor
- Odor discrimination
o Differ in structural possible to distinguish
More structurally similar odors are difficult to distinguish
- Sense of smell
o Influenced by:
Age
Getting older less sense of smell
Sex
Women better than men
Smoking
By smoking less sense of smell
Quitting reversible effect
Genetics
Genes influence
Size of the nose
Bulb volume is correlated with odor identification ability
Nasal volume is correlated with odor detection ability
Sniffing and smelling
o Intensity of molecules into the nose influences the sense of smell
o Sniff duration is more important than sniff strength
o Magnitude
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