Dit document bevat een erg uitgebreide samenvatting van alle 12 (!) de colleges van het vak Research Methods in Communication Science. Dit vak wordt gegeven in de Master communicatiewetenschap tijdens de eerste periode. De samenvatting is in het Nederlands.
College 1 – Inleiding en Lineaire regressie (herhaling)........................................................ 5
Regressie - Hoe werkt dit model? .............................................................................................. 5
Residuen .................................................................................................................................. 6
De Y voorspellen: met het gemiddelde ...................................................................................... 7
De Y voorspellen: met een regressie .......................................................................................... 7
De sum of Squares opsplitsen ................................................................................................... 8
De verklaarde variantie............................................................................................................. 8
REsiduen en de kwaliteit van regressie ...................................................................................... 9
Interpretatie van regressie coëfficiënten ................................................................................... 9
Standaardiseerde en ongestandaardiseerde B ......................................................................... 10
College 2 – Multipele Regressie ....................................................................................... 11
Alternatieve verklaring 1......................................................................................................... 11
Alternatieve verklaring 2......................................................................................................... 12
Wat betekent eigenlijk ‘partiële’? ........................................................................................... 12
Wat meten we met een regressie? .......................................................................................... 13
De variantie van Y opsplitsen .................................................................................................. 14
R en R2 ................................................................................................................................... 14
Vrijheidsgraden (df) ................................................................................................................ 14
Wat zegt de F-Toets (niet)? ..................................................................................................... 15
Hoe bepalen wij of een predictor de R2 verbetert? ................................................................... 15
Adjusted R2............................................................................................................................. 16
College 3 – regressie met categorische predictoren ......................................................... 17
Ordinale variabelen als continue ............................................................................................. 17
Categorische variabelen in regressie........................................................................................ 17
Interpretatie van regressie met dummies ................................................................................ 18
Opmerkingen over regressie met dummies ............................................................................. 19
Multipele regressie met dummies ........................................................................................... 19
Regressie met categorische variabelen .................................................................................... 19
, Dummies maken..................................................................................................................... 20
Regressie met dummies .......................................................................................................... 20
Overeenkomsten met ANOVA ................................................................................................. 21
VAriabelen selecteren ............................................................................................................. 21
HIerarchische regressie ........................................................................................................... 22
College 4 – Regression assumptions ................................................................................ 23
Assumpties van lineaire regressie............................................................................................ 23
assumpties: normaliteit van residuen en homoscedasticiteit ................................................... 24
Assumpties: onafhankelijkheid van de residuen ...................................................................... 26
Assumpties: waarom geen toetsen? ........................................................................................ 27
Outliers en influential observations......................................................................................... 27
Hoe influential observations te behandelen ............................................................................ 30
Multicollineariteit 1 ...................................................................................................................................... 30
Multicollineariteit 2: Standaardfouten ......................................................................................................... 30
Multicollineariteit 3: oplossingen ................................................................................................................. 30
College 5 – Research design voor causaliteit .................................................................... 32
Correlatie en causatie ............................................................................................................. 32
Statistical control & Schijnverbanden ...................................................................................... 32
Mediatie en schijnverband ...................................................................................................... 33
Mediatie: definitie .................................................................................................................. 34
Suppressie .............................................................................................................................. 35
Testing mediatie: 3 methodes ................................................................................................. 36
Coefficients table aflezen: effect a/b/c/c’ ................................................................................ 37
College 6 – Mediatie ....................................................................................................... 38
[HERHALING College 5] - Testing mediatie: 3 methodes ........................................................... 38
Methoden om mediatie te toetsen .......................................................................................... 39
Baron en Kenny methode ............................................................................................................................. 39
Sobel test ...................................................................................................................................................... 39
Bootstrapping ............................................................................................................................................... 40
Schat confidence intervals voor verschillende ‘effect sizes’ van het indirect effect 𝑎*𝑏 zelf. ...... 40
Mediatie met Hayes PROCESS Methode .................................................................................. 41
Welke methode is het best ..................................................................................................... 43
College 7 – Moderatie en interactie ................................................................................. 44
Moderatie .............................................................................................................................. 44
Interactie: definitie ................................................................................................................. 45
Werken met de regressievergelijking....................................................................................... 46
REgressie zonder interactie ..................................................................................................... 47
2
, simple slope analysis .................................................................................................................................... 47
Regressie met 2 categorische variabelen en interactie ............................................................. 49
Interactie tussen continue variabelen...................................................................................... 50
Het toetsen van de significantie van modellen met categorische variabelen en interacties ....... 50
College 8 – Moderatie met PROCESS ............................................................................... 51
Interactie tussen continue variabelen...................................................................................... 51
Moderatie met Hayes PROCESS ............................................................................................... 52
Johnson-Neyman significancy region ....................................................................................... 53
Week 5; College 9 + 10 .................................................................................................... 55
AANTEKENINGEN VORIG JAAR §4. (co)variantieanalyse met ANOVA en ANCOVA ............ 55
§4.1 Oneway ANOVA – analysis of variance ............................................................................. 55
4.1.1 ANOVA in SPSS .................................................................................................................................... 57
§4.2 Twoway ANOVA - moderatie ........................................................................................... 60
4.2.1 Twoway ANOVA in SPSS ...................................................................................................................... 61
§4.3 Difference between oneway and twoway ANOVA: ........................................................... 64
§4.4 ANCOVA – confounding variabele .................................................................................... 66
4.4.1 ANCOVA in SPSS .................................................................................................................................. 72
College 9: ONE-WAY Repeated Measures ANOVA ............................................................ 73
Waarom Repeated Measures Designs ..................................................................................... 74
One-way repeated-measures ANOVA ...................................................................................... 74
One-way annova .................................................................................................................... 75
Wat is Sphericity? ................................................................................................................... 76
College 10 : Mixed Designs anova ................................................................................... 79
Planned Contrasts................................................................................................................... 79
Non-orthogonal contrasts ....................................................................................................... 80
Post Hoc Tests ........................................................................................................................ 81
Mixed Designs ........................................................................................................................ 81
Mixed designs uitvoeren ......................................................................................................... 83
Sphericiteit: Looks .................................................................................................................. 85
Between-Group Effects: geslacht............................................................................................. 85
Within-participant Effect: looks............................................................................................... 86
Gender x Looks Interactie ....................................................................................................... 87
College 11: MANOVA ...................................................................................................... 89
MANOVA: waarom? ............................................................................................................... 89
Issues in MANOVA: Power ...................................................................................................... 89
3
, MANOVA: Field’s voorbeeld .................................................................................................... 89
MANOVA................................................................................................................................ 91
Cross product ......................................................................................................................... 91
MANOVA Matrices: Total SSCP................................................................................................ 91
Wat doet MANOVA in de praktijk? .......................................................................................... 92
MANOVA: variaties................................................................................................................. 92
De toetsen van MANOVA ........................................................................................................ 92
Welke toets te kiezen? ............................................................................................................ 93
Assumpties van MANOVA ....................................................................................................... 93
Box’s test of equality of covariance ......................................................................................... 94
MANOVA in SPSS .................................................................................................................... 94
MANOVA in SPSS: one-way ANOVA’s ...................................................................................... 95
DE SSCP matrices .................................................................................................................... 96
College 12: Discriminant analyse ..................................................................................... 97
Relatie thoughts-actions in de groepen ................................................................................... 97
Discriminatieanalyse in SPSS ................................................................................................... 98
Discriminantanalyse: wat ........................................................................................................ 99
Grafiek van variate-centroids: SPSS ....................................................................................... 100
GRafiek van variate-centroids: R ........................................................................................... 101
Uitkomst: welke (if any) treatment is best? ........................................................................... 101
Assumpties van discriminant analyse .................................................................................... 101
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