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Samenvatting biomoleculen

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Samenvatting deel 3 bio-organische chemie : biomoleculen

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  • October 13, 2021
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  • 2020/2021
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BIOMOLECULEN

Hoofdstuk I: aminozuren

1. Aminozuren

Aminozuren = di- of tri- peptide ➔ eiwit of proteïne
o Bouwsteen van peptiden en proteïnen
o Bouwsteen fosfolipiden

Eigenschappen :
o 2 – aminocarbonzuren
o R groep bepaalt het AZ, andere groepen zijn identiek voor elk AZ




Zwitterion = dipolair ion → Netto geen lading (netto positieve en negatieve lading)


Functie proteïnen in het lichaam :

Chemische omzettingen: omzetting van glucose naar energie
- Enzymen bv pepsine dat in de maag eiwitmoleculen splitst

Structuur: bv; haar
- keratine en melanine in huid/haar
- collageen in bindweefsel

Transport: bv; Na/K pomp
- Doorheen het celmembraan
- Tussen cellen hemoglobine

Communicatie:
- Stresshormoon adrenaline
- Insuline (= hormoon)
- Receptoren

Regulatie:
- Myosine en actine voor spiercontractie
- Kinasen= forsorylering




1

, 1.1 Vergelijking saccharide versus aminozuur

o Chiraal koolstof (uitgezonderd glycine → niet optisch actief)
o Koolstoffen op één lijn
o Hoogste atoomnummer bovenaan
o Positie aminegroep: L (links) en D (rechts) (kijken waar aminogroep zich bevind)
→ Enkel L-configuraties in menselijk lichaam
→ D-vormen: bacteriën
→ Chiraal = spiegelbeelden passen niet op elkaar

o Fisherprojectie :




1.2 Optische activiteit:
o L/D-configuraties
o S/R-vorm (prioriteit obv atoomnummer)
o Alle L-configuraties van AZ = S-vorm (uitgezonderd cysteïne)


1.3 Essentiële aminozuren:
• 9 aminozuren
• Onvoldoende of niet geproduceerd door menselijk lichaam
• Essentieel = opname uit voedsel
→ histidine , isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, fenylalanine, threonine, tryptofaan, valine




1.4 Metabole afwijking:
• Fenylketonurie = enzyme phenylalaninehydroxylase werkt niet goed
→ Geen afbraak fenylalanine
→ Geen afbraak tyrosine



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