Summary (iPad) Introductory Psychology I - Child Development
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Course
Introductory Psychology I (PSYU911)
Institution
The University Of Stirling (UoS)
Book
Psychology
iPad notes of the topic of Child Development from the Introductory Psychology I module. Given by Dr. Elaine Cameron at The University of Stirling in the autumn semester of 2020. Based on the lectures, the book, and the seminars. Written by Bea Lume Nunes. Note: I passed with a first using these not...
•
genes that influence development also depend on the environment to determine how they are expressed
genome project there were few genes complexity of humans influences
•
human comparison to the environment has a role in causing
in
significant various
- -
of genes to be switched on and off by experiences
'
there are two primary forces that control development :
→ contained within the
genetic instructions encoded in our DNA which tells molecules how to form and organize themselves to build our bodies
→ instructions unfold within an environment that is constantly changing and so all development also has some external component
•
probabilities interactions of genes and
epigenetics is
genetically specified in terms of environmental
-
PRENATILITY PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
'
the prenatal stage ends with bir th . the fertilized egg is called a zygote
sperm and
-
'
conception , many sperm have defects cell contains 23 chromosomes that contain
begins with or
get stuck and some egg genes
make a
wrong turn and end up in a fallopian tube that does not contain an
egg
-
some sperm carry ✗ or
y chromosomes y= male ✗ =
female
'
•
200 find the
right tube and
get close
enough
to the
egg
to release digestive germinal stage :
one -
celled zygote begins to divide . the zygote
enzymes that erode the down fallopian tube and implant es
eggs protective layer migrates on uterine wall
.
once one sperm penetrates the
coating ,
the
egg releases a chemical that .
embryonic stage : the zygote continues to divide and its cells begin
seats the
coating and keeps all the remaining sperm from entering differentiate that then become disk
to into blastocyst embryonic
-
the nuclei from the sperm and egg merge and the prenatal development starts → endoderm (
organs) ,
mesoderm (skeletal) and ectoderm (nervous)
•
✗ and Y chromo so produce testosterone -
males are specialized forms of females
PRENATAL ENVIRONMENT the has a skeleton and muscles , digestive and resp Hory systems
-
fetal stage
•
the placenta is the organ that physically links the blood streams of the mother to
BUILDING A BRAIN
portion of the ectoderm folds the
'
the embryo / fetus which permits the exchange of materials brain form early on as a over to become neural tube the forebrain and
•
foods eaten during pregnancy can affect fetal development -
food deprivation = midbrain emerge at one end while the other end becomes the spinal cord
→ neuro
caused physical and psychological problems genius : cells in neural tube begin dividing to produce neural cells
'
-
fetal alcohol syndrome effects shape and within the neural tube , the neural cells migrate to the central nervous system
many subcortical structures (sensory functioning)
'
size of head and structures of the brain , are more mature around bir th vs cortical structures
impaired cog development and lowered academic achievement
POSTNATAL LIFE
→ is more vulnerable to than the fetus prenatal influences development :
embryo teratogens on
can hear sounds and nutrition
BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AFTER BIRTH
stimulation teratogens
'
. the developing fetus can sense - .
anxiety .
connecting up through three major generative processes :
'
become familiar with those it hears often . mothers age / general health cortical cells star t
' 2 3
ar bon 2 ation Syriaptosis myelination
→
picked up on the prosody ' disease
-
processes of growth do not occur at the same time :
myelination of the cortex
BRAIN PUTTY
continues into adulthood
the cortex lead to an
.
•
newborns brain is only 25% of its adult size because . . .
these generative processes in overproduction of neuronal
→ has connections -70% of synaptic connectivity eliminated synaptic pruning
tripped in size over the process of evolution and bigger is in
brains =
bigger heads but too big and they would not pass the mothers birth canal
→ arrive with brains that do developing within the environments that they will function
→ capacity to learn requires flexibility in the brain that has to encode new information :
plasticity
•
there are two types of plasticity :
→ experience dependant : more flexible in
adapting to the circumstances that may emerge within a
gem
-
→ experience -
expectant : expect cer tain information from the environment that is recurrent from one
to another
gen
THE SCIENCE OF STUDYING CHANGE
CHANGING PATTERNS
'
significant transition of qualitative changes suggest that significantly different mechanisms are operating whereas gradual increases on a
regular
basis suggest the same mechanisms are
being used more effectentry
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developmental change is rarely smooth or linear but undergoes periods of stability and instability
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