Unit 8: Physiology of human body systems
Learning aim b: understand the impact of disorder on the physiology of the lymphatic system and the associated corrective treatment.
Criteria covered:
B. D2: evaluate the effect of corrective treatments for a disorder of the lymphatic system.
B. M2: ex...
Impact of lymphatic disorder and associated treatments
Introduction
In this assignment, I will be studying the role and function of the lymphatic system, to understand the normal
functioning of the lymphatic system, impairment of normal function due to lymphatic diseases and the treatments used
to correct the effects of lymphatic system. And to put it into perspective ill end this assignment with a case to study.
Structure of the lymphatic system
Composition and location of components parts:
Spleen
Blood filtering, immune response, iron recycling, blood preservation, and extramedullary haematopoiesis are all
functions of the spleen, which is a non-vital lymphoid organ located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen.
(Figure 1- vent-ones-spleen.jpg)
Location of spleen
The spleen is found in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen. It's located at the level of ribs 9-10, posterior to the
stomach and anterior and inferior to the left hemi diaphragm. The spleen is in relation to the left kidney on the medial
side, and it lies on the left colic flexure on the inferior side (splenic flexure).
, (Figure 2 - structure-of-spleen_english.jpg)
Composition of spleen
The spleen is surrounded by a layer of visceral peritoneum since it is an intraperitoneal organ. The spleen's
parenchyma is encased in a capsule under the peritoneum. The spleen capsule is made up of thick irregular fibroblastic
tissue. Myofibroblasts are contractile cells found in the capsule's connective tissue. These cells assist in the discharge
of blood contained in the spleen into the bloodstream by inducing weak contractions of the capsule. The capsule also
helps the spleen to expand greatly when needed and discharge a large volume of blood to help oxygenate the tissues,
such as during physical activity. The capsule splits into multiple septage called trabeculae at the level of the hilum,
which penetrate the spleen parenchyma and partially separate its tissue. The spleen is made up of stroma and
parenchyma. The stroma of the spleen is primarily made up of a reticular connective tissue network. The blood cells
and immune system cells are assisted by this mesh (lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells). The spleen
parenchyma is divided into two functionally and morphologically distinct compartments (red pulp and white pulp) by
the marginal region, a tissue layer. The perifollicular zone is located outside of the marginal zone and includes
sheathed capillaries and blood-filled spaces without endothelial lining.
Thymus gland
The thymus gland is in the superior mediastinum and anterior part of the inferior mediastinum, between the thyroid
gland and the fourth costal cartilage. It is here that haemopoietin precursor cells develop into T cells by positive and
negative selection.
The thymus gland is a bilobed, encapsulated soft tissue. It is located near the pericardium in the superior mediastinum
and the anterior portion of the inferior mediastinum. The thymus is located anterior to the heart's great vessels and
deep inside the sternum. It starts at the inferior poles thyroid gland and ends at the fourth costal cartilage. The phrenic
nerves run parallel to the gland on its left and right sides (which go on to supply the diaphragm). An isthmus connects
the two distinct lobes of the thymus in the centre.
Composition of thymus gland
The thymus gland is a lobular gland with an asymmetrical flat outline. The lobules are made up of a collection of
follicles that are both medullary and cortical: Each follicle's cortical portion is located on the periphery. Lymphocytes
make up most of the tissue, which is supported by epithelial reticular cells.
Tonsils
The tonsils are an essential part of the immune system. They can prevent germs from entering the body through the
mouth or nose because of their position at the throat and palate. White blood cells, which are responsible for
destroying germs, are also abundant in the tonsils.
They are situated on the faeces' isthmus (a cavity bound laterally by the palatoglossal arches, superiorly by the soft
palate and by the tongue underneath). On the pharyngeal side, they are coated in stratified squamous epithelium and
are bound to the wall by a fibrous capsule.
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