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Elementary Surveying
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GEFS-CE11 (FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING)INSTR. MMMayos UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS MODULE 1
Surveying
Definition:
Surveying is the art of measuring horizontal and vertical distances between objects, of
measuring angles between lines, of determining the direction of lines, and of establishing
points by predetermined angular and linear measurements. (Foote, et.al.)
Surveying is the art of determining the positions of points on or near the earth’s surface
by means of measurements in the three elements of space: namely, distance, direction,
and elevation. (Rayner and Schmidt)
Surveying is the science or art of making such measurements as are necessary to
determine the relative position of points above, on, or beneath the surface of the earth, or
to establish such points. (Breed, Hosmer, and Bone)
Uses of Surveys
1. To establish the boundaries of land,
2. To provide information necessary for the construction of public or private works, and
3. To provide the government to some large extent and high precision for variety of surveys
like fixing national and state boundaries, the charting of coastline and navigable streams
and lakes, the location of definite reference points throughout the country, etc.
Classification of Surveys
1. Plane surveying
the type of surveying in which the mean surface of the earth is considered as a
plane, or in which its spheroidal shape is neglected.
2. Geodetic surveying
type of surveying which takes into account the shape of the earth. Where the area
involved is not great, the earth is a perfect sphere and where the area is large, the
true spheroidal shape of the earth is considered.
Types of Surveys
1. Cadastral Surveys
An extensive urban and rural surveys made for the purpose of locating property
lines and improvements in detail, primarily for use in connection with the extent,
value, ownership, and transfer of land.
2. Topographic Surveys
Surveys made for determining the shape of the ground and the location and
elevation of natural and artificial features upon it.
3. Hydrographic Surveys
Surveys of different bodies of water (rivers, lakes, streams, etc) for purposes of
navigation, development of water supply, flood control, irrigation, production of
hydro-electric power, subaqueous construction, and recreation.
4. Route Surveys
Surveys necessary for the planning, design and construction of lines of
transportation or communication, such as highways, railroads, canals,
transmission lines and pipelines.
, GEFS-CE11 (FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING)
INSTR. MMMayos UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS MODULE 1
5. Mine Surveys
Surveys which are performed to determine the position of all underground
excavations and surface mine structures, to fix surface boundaries of mining
claims, and determine geological formations.
6. City Surveys
Surveys of the areas in and near a city for the purpose of planning expansions or
improvements, locating property lines, determing information for the construction
of streets, water supply system, and sewers.
7. Photogrammetric Surveys
Surveys which makes use of photographs taken with specially designed cameras
either from airplanes or ground stations. Measurements are obtained from the
photographs using the principle of perspective.
8. Construction Surveys
Surveys which are undertaken at a construction site to provide data regarding
grades, reference lines, dimensions, ground configuration, and the location and
elevation of structures which are of importance to engineers, architects, and
builders.
9. Forestry Surveys
Surveys made in connection with forest management and mensuration and the
conservation of forest lands.
10. Industrial Surveys (Optical Tooling)
refers to the use of surveying techniques in ship building, construction and
assembly of aircraft, layout and installation of heavy and complex machinery
Definition of Terms
1. Level Surface
is a curved surface every element of which is normal to the plumb line or parallel
with the mean spheroidal surface of the earth.
2. Horizontal Plane
A plane tangent to a level surface.
3. Horizontal Line
A line tangent to a level surface. In surveying, it is commonly understood that a
horizontal line is straight.
4. Horizontal Angle
an angle formed by the intersection of two line in a horizontal plane
5. Vertical Line (Plumb Line)
a line perpendicular to the plane of horizon
6. Vertical Plane
Is a plane of which a vertical line is an element
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