100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
Previously searched by you
Previously searched by you
logo
Lecture notes Neurological And Psychiatric Disorders (AB_1023) $4.85
Add to cart
Quickly navigate to
Preview
  2.  
  3. Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)
  4.  
  5. Neurological And Psychiatric Disorders (AB_1023)

Class notes

Lecture notes Neurological And Psychiatric Disorders (AB_1023)

 45 views  2 purchases
  • Course
  • Neurological And Psychiatric Disorders (AB_1023)
  • Institution
  • Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)

Elaborated on all lectures of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders. I passed the exam with an 8.9 with these notes.

Preview 4 out of 45  pages

Document information

  • October 18, 2021
  • 45
  • 2020/2021
  • Class notes
  • Dr. a.m.w. van dam
  • All classes

Subjects

  • neurological
  • psychiatric
  • disorders
  • biomedical
  • topics
  • healthcare
  • health sciences
  • minor
  • summary
  • summary

Written for

  • Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)
  • Gezondheidswetenschappen
  • Neurological And Psychiatric Disorders (AB_1023)
All documents for this subject (7)

Seller

avatar-seller
ldenboer

Content preview

Lectures NPD

Lecture 1: Brain Imaging
- Understand application/possibilities of neuroimaging in clinic and research
o Clinic
 Diagnosis/prognosis
 CVA
 CT/MRI/MRS/angiography/X-ray
 CT fast acute conditions
o Research
 Improve diagnostics
 Prediction
 Post-mortem MRI & histopathology
 Understand biological processes (using advanced imaging techniques)
 Qualitative
 Standard clinical practice  eg MS
 Look for pathology
 Quantitative
 “numbers as output
 Understand biological mechanisms
 Compare patient groups to healthy controls
 Structural MRI
o Brain volumes (atrophy)
o White matter integrity diffusion tensor imaging
 Functional MRI
o Brain activation during cognitive/motor task
o Functional connectivity
- Recognize abnormalities on brain scans & understand their underlying pathology
o Hemorrhage
 Epidural hematoma between dura mater & skull
 Acute (trauma) CT
 Lens-shaped
 Symptoms delayed
o Loss of consciousness disappears
o Progressive headache
o Nausea
o Fluid (cerebrospinal fluid) draining from nose/ears
 Arteries
 Tissue pushed inside
 Subdural hematoma between dura mater and arachnoid
 More often than epidural
 Bridging veins
 Slow buildup of blood
 3 types
o Acute <24 h (worst prognosis)
o Subacute <10 days
o Chronic >10 days
 Midline shift
 Intercranial pressure consciousness decreases; stiff pupil
 Intracerebral hematoma
o Herniation occurs when something inside the skull produces pressure that moves the
brain tissues
 Different types
o Hypertension

1

, o Aneurysm
 Thin wall of blood vessel
 Balloon forms (aneurysm)
 Aneurysm pops bleeds
 Balloon is clipped off
o Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
 Asymptomatic or headaches/epilepsy
 Arteries and veins not connected correctly
 Conventional T2 SE MRI
 TOF-MRA (MIP reconstruction
o Intracerebral/intraparenchymal hemorrhage
o Stroke
 CT darker
 MRI white
 MRA decrease in blood flow
o Brain tumor
 T2 weighted MRI white
- Understand application of different MRI sequences/techniques in MS
o MRI magnetic resonance imaging
 Uses magnetism and radiofrequency signals to acquire images
 50,000 times more powerful than magnetic field of earth
 Conventional MRI sequences
 T1-weighted scan
o Contrast fat/water
o Anatomy
 T2-weighted scan
o Contrast water/tissue (T tWo water=white)
o pathology
o MS lesions
 T2 bright white spots
 Advantages
 Highly sensitive in detection of lesions
 Reflects disease duration
 Disadvantages
 Lack of histopathological specificity
 Moderate correlation with clinical disability clinic-radiological paradox
o Acute inflammation  white (old lesions dark)
 Disruption BBB
 Acute inflammation 2-8 weeks
 May coincide with relapse
 Intravenous gadolinium
 T1 weighted images
 Best seen 15-30 min p.i.
 “black holes” (letterlijk op T1 scan) disease severity (no remyelination)
o Typical locations
 Juxtacortical
 Corpus callosum
o Cortical lesion detection
 Double inversion recovery (DIR)
o T2 scan
 Number of lesions on baseline MRI predicts
 Conversion to clinically definite MS
 Development of new lesions
 Development of mild to moderate disability

2

,Lecture 2: Clinical aspects of depression
- Classification of unipolar depressive disorders DSM-V
o Major Depressive Disorder  2 weeks
o Persistent Depressive Disorder  2 years
o Symptoms  5/9 for at least 2 weeks (including core symptoms)  many different
combinations
 Depressed mood
 Loss of interest or pleasure in activities
 Changes in weights or appetite
 Insomnia or hypersomnia
 Psychomotor agitation/retardation
 Fatigue
 Feelings of guilt/self-reproach
 Concentration problems
 Suicidal thought
- Prevalence rates
o US
 18-25
 Women>men
 Difference in ethnicity
o NL
 Women> men
 Lower prevalence than US
 No data > 65 years old
 Lifetime & 12-month prevalence
 Lifetime ¼ women
 12-month ±5%
 65+ (LASA)
 Depressive symptoms higher percentage
o Depends on setting
 Urban> rural
 Higher in population with somatic problems
o Average age of onset mid 20s
 Duration
 Average: 4-6 months
 50% over 1 year
 10-20% persistent or chronic depression influences prevalence rates
 Recurrence
 50% has recurrent episodes
 After 2nd or 3rd episode risk for recurrence 70% or 90%
- High societal burden, but undertreatment
o Years lived with disability (YLD)
 Prevalence * loss of health (disability weight)
o Disability Adjusted Life Years
 YLD + years of life lost (YLL)
o YLS & DALYs increased in the last decades
o 2020 depression is expected to be the second leading cause of disability
 But: of 80/1000 depressed people, who consult GP, 49 are not recognized as
depressed
 If recognized ¼ / 1/5 are referred to secondary mental health services
- Pathophysiology
o Complex many factors
o Etiology  epigenetics

3

,  Genetics
 G1/G2/G3 etc.
 Environment
 Stress/trauma/interpersonal dynamics etc
o Pathophysiology all interact with each other  strong/medium evidence
 Neurotransmitters 5-HT/NE/DA/Glu
 Inflammation
 HPA axis hyperactivity
 Reduced neuroplasticity
 PFC-limbic altered connectivity
o Clinical phenotype
 Domains
 Negative salience
 Reward sensitivity
 Motor activity
 Impulsivity
 Sleep/arousal
 Symptoms
 Sadness/guilt
 Anhedonia
 Psychomotor agitation/retardation
 Suicidality
 sleeplessness
o Recurrence Neuroprogressive nature of major depressive disorder
 Medication continuation




o Connectivity problems areas not reached well
 Hypoconnectivity Frontoparietal Network cognitive control & attentions &
emotion regulation
 Hyperconnectivity Default Network internally oriented and self-referential
thought
 Hypoconnectivity Affective Network processing emotions or salience
- Treatment
o Antidepressants help with higher Hamilton scores  then there is a difference between
placebo and real medication
 Don’t give everybody medication
o Guidelines

4

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller ldenboer. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for $4.85. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

56326 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now

Start selling
$4.85  2x  sold
  • (0)
Add to cart
Added