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Organisatie psychologieChapter 2 theory, research and practice in work psychology
A theory in work psychology about some aspect of behavior at work would
normally be expected to:
Explain the causes of that behavior
Describe that behavior
Enable prediction of when that behavior will occur
All of the above
Theories are usually taken to describe, explain and predict our behaviours, thoughts and
emotions.
There are many ways to gather data in work psychology. Some provide vast
amounts of data very quickly and others gather rich informative data but it takes
time to do so. Which of the following is not a data collection tool used in work
psychology research?
Interviews
Questionnaires
Diaries
Experiments (this is a method!)
Cross-sectional studies can gather a large amount of data relatively quickly. What
is an advantage of longitudinal study over cross-sectional?
People who don’t really want to take part drop out of them part way
through
They are easier to run than cross-sectional studies
People can remember how they responded previously
They provide a better basis than cross-sectional studies for making
suggestions about cause and effect
The time element enables researchers to be clearer about the order in which things
happen, which helps inferences about cause and effect. There are various disadvantages
such as attrition but it is regarded as a strength of a research strategy if employed
effectively.
It may not be a source of data that would automatically spring to mind but what
is archival data?
Any information that already exists in an organised form before the
investigation
Absenteeism data
Productivity records
None of the above
Archival sources of data often help, not hinder, interpretation of findings. They can be a
rich source of data, particularly for pragmatic science where organisational records can
be used as good evidence and provide a useful context. If you did not read the question
carefully, absenteeism data and productivity records are examples, also note that this
data may not be error free though.
One advantage of field experiments over laboratory experiments is:
They give the researcher greater control
They usually involve situations that are familiar to the people providing the
research data
They tend to be easier to organise
, They offer more opportunities for observation of behaviour
In a field experiment, a person is normally in a natural rather than contrived work
situation, which should be more ecologically valid. Relate this to the difference of opinion
between laboratory generated results as against those produced in a real workplace.
There are arguments for both and a pragmatic solution needs to be found.
Evaluation is a key feature of work psychology and different evaluation designs
exist. Which is regarded as the 'gold standard' design?
Pre-post single control group intervention design
Solomon four-group design
Pre-post single intervention group, no control group design
None of the above
The infrequency of this design is an indication of the level of difficulty introducing pre and
post measures with control groups in place. It is rare that the opportunity arises to
conduct such rigorous evaluation in a working environment.
Researchers who are using 'grounded theory' will usually:
Check whether their theory sounds convincing to other psychologists
before testing it
Not use theory at all
Make sure the theory they use is as simple as possible
Develop a theory on the basis of their research data
The grounded theory approach usually avoids a strong commitment to a particular
theoretical perspective in the early stages of project planning and data collection. As the
research progresses, the theoretical aspect becomes more precise and can be tested.
Statistical data collected to answer the research question 'Do lawyers score
higher than doctors on intelligence tests' will probably best be analysed using a:
Chi-square test
Meta-analysis
Correlation coefficient
T-test
A t-test can be used to compare the magnitudes of scores on a quantitative measure
from two groups of people. It also takes into account the sample sizes and the variation
in scores within each group. You will find that in practice, criteria to use statistical tests
can be somewhat relaxed.
The research question 'What can be concluded about the link between job
satisfaction and work performance from the many studies that have been done?'
would probably best be answered using:
Correlation coefficient
Meta-analysis
Chi-square test
T-test
Meta-analysis is a statistical technique used to combine the results of many quantitative
studies. The individual studies are reviewed looking at hypotheses, methodology, etc and
the results of each study then seen as an individual participant's result in a single study.
Many studies (and thousands of participants) can be involved in this way.
Multiple regression can allow us to make multiple predictions concerning
correlations between variables. Why is it much used in work psychology?
It can show a causal relationship
, It assesses the relative importance of each variable in the study
Because it is regarded as a posh correlation
It is so intricate that it is convincing
It provides more information than we would be able to get through simple correlational
analysis.
Which of these statements is true regarding effect size?
Effect size is another way of expressing statistical significance
Effect size is expressed as a probability
The same effect size can be statistically significant in a large sample but
not a small one
The larger the effect size, the less likelihood of statistical significance
Even quite a large effect size may not be statistically significant in a small sample
because small samples are not necessarily an accurate reflection of the population as a
whole.
The concept of statistical power refers to:
The extent to which statistical findings look convincing to non-specialists
The ability of a statistical test to overcome error variance.
The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is indeed false.
The extent to which a finding is statistically significant
The statistical power of a study is its ability to find an effect that is really there, and
depends heavily on sample size.
Which of the following methods of qualitative data analysis looks most closely at
the detail of what a person says?
Discourse analysis
Thematic analysis
Content analysis
Template analysis
Discourse analysis often involves examining and interpreting the nuances of what a
person says, and sometimes also includes non-verbal elements.
Chapter 7 Attitudes at work and the employment relationship
Research into attitudes has been a feature of work psychology for decades for
many reasons including their link to behaviour. Initially though, which of the
following statements is false?
Attitudes are evaluative
Attitudes have affective, cognitive and behavioural components
Attitudes can be directed at almost any object, person, or concept
Attitudes show more day-to-day change than moods
The general view on attitudes is that they can affect how we process information, which
influences the way that we feel and can then influence behaviour. Moods are more
transitory.
We can have many attitudes which have developed over time and be very
specific or even quite general. So while we all have attitudes, what purpose do
they serve?
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