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GRADE 11/12 HUMAN REPRODUCTION SUMMARY IEB
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I’m this document, I briefly summarized the topic of human reproduction … I included diagrams to make it more easier to understand. (IEB syllabus)
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Life Sciences: The Human Endocrine System
-
Life Sciences: Human Reproduction
-
Life Sciences: Diversity in Reproductive Strategies
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Human ReproductiveSystem
The male reproductive system :
" ""
%aa.ae .
☒ §
ureter
µÉ¥f¥
bladder seminal vesicle
" "" " ""
|⑧
Pubic bone gland
Prostate gland
"" " " " "" ductus deferens -
" "' ""e"
rectum bulb
.
'" ""
prostate
Epididymis I
sperm -
producing
urethra
anus
-
tubes
testis
testicle
scrotum
=
,
= epididymis ummm
Egg -
sperm
Glans of penis
'
seminal glands thick fluid fructose food
vesicles : a pair of that secrete a
containing .
which sperm uses as a source .
( transports both
'
sperm &
urethra : a duct leading from the bladder
through the penis & opens to the outside at its tip .
Opening
=
urogenital opening .
urine )
-
erectile tissue : tissue with spaces that become filled with blood during erection
'
scrotum :
a double -
layered pouch of skin which covers & protects the testes . The temperature in the scrotum is lower than in
the body ,
which is necessary for producing sperm .
'
penis penis consists of erectile tissue that fills with blood to make the penis hard The tip penis is slightly enlarged & is
: of the
the .
called the glans penis . The
glans is covered by a loose skin =
foreskin ( can be circum sized i. removed .
)
helps sperm move
✓ faster . . .
-
prostate gland alkaline fluid which acidic
will neutralize
during sexual
:
secretes intercourse
a
gland that an
any urine or
vaginal secretion .
seminiferous tubule
Sperm cell can last
* sperm =
gamate
gygyo
80
\ but fluid
yooo semen sperm +
¥6
=
than " " m
longer ask difference between terms :
meiosis gamate
J
=
cells of
" if * ✗ "at inter -
leydig ( testes .
zz x
) provides nutrient ( erection vs ejaculation)
interstitial & a medium for
course occurs 2 cells . . .
sperm to travel .
( sperm vs semen )
testosterone C alkali fluid : keeps sperm alive)
days before oval -
( acidic
vagina
=
ation : Fertiliser -
NB ! No bone in penis but filled with spaces in the
neutralized
.
i. needs to be .
1- ion will occur .
tissue ,
when filled with blood =
erection . . .
sperm is produced in the testes & carried via the vas deferens to the penis .
When penis fills with blood
i. becomes hard and erect =
erection .
erect penis is essential to transfer semen into the female 's
vagina .
during ejaculation , sperm & secretions from seminal vesicles , Cowper 's gland & Prostate gland from a sticky fluid
=
semen .
i.
erectile tissue
-
. . .
'
cross section of penis _
erect , le -
tissue cross section of the
in flaccid state :
penis in erect state:
~ ⑥- urethra .
urethra
,The female reproductive system :
÷÷÷
ÉÉÉ¥
fundus
T.EE??.. .i
Ovary Fallopian tube
tube
Uterus
ovarian
embryo
""" ligament
uterus
cervix
Fimbriae
Urethra ovary
.
vagina myometvium
rectum
clitoris
perineurium
labia
Majora cervix
.. cervical
canal
hymen vagina
r
46K - 23K
* start with
germinal
=
diploid → meiosis ( reduces no .
of chromosomes : haploid )
-
Fallopian tube or oviduct :
This is a narrow tube with muscular walls that are lined with hair -
like structures =
cilia .
(10cm long ) .
The Ova from the ovaries are moved along the fallopian tube by the cilia É by contraction of the
muscular wall .
1
Ovary
: There are 2 ovaries that lie in the abdominal cavity of a female .
Every ovary is made of connective tissue ,
blood vessels & female
Ovaries produce Ova The hormone is secreted
germ cells .
.
oestrogen by ovaries .
Oestrogen regulates the mestrual
cycle ,
maintain
a
pregnancy & causes the secondary sexual characteristic of women .
/
Uterus is thick walled muscular
organ
:
also known as a womb ,
a -
.
&
/
vagina
: a muscular canal that runs from the cervix opens to the outside of the
body At the
opening of the folds of skin
vagina are
.
called the labia . Between the labia is a small
,
roundish structure called a clitoris .
\
cervix the lower part of the that connects the uterus with the It contains
glands that secrete the
uterus
vagina mucus into
vagina
: .
'
endometrium The of tissue that lines the inner wall the uterus
thickens :
so blastocyst can implant / remain when preg .
layer of
:
.
thinning : menstruation ( shed ) : no menstruation
(
.
thickening & thinning caused
by hormones endometrium blood layer because
: When
.
preg .
lining isn't shed .
& fallopian &
'
note : endometriosis =
bleeds : causes
scarring in uterus tubes . .
When
egg cell needs to be implanted
scarring leads to blocking & struggling for
egg to move .
if it runs in
your family . : chances
higher .
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