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Samenvatting Algemene Psychologie (000101)

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Algemene Psychologie (000101)

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Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)

In deze samenvatting worden alle negen hoofdstukken van algemene psychologie behandelt. Ik zit in mijn eerste bachelor politieke wetenschappen, en heb m.b.v. deze samenvatting een 13/20 kunnen halen

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Uploaded on October 20, 2021
File latest updated on February 28, 2022
Number of pages 122
Written in 2021/2022
Type Summary

wat is psychologie
conditionering en leren
emotie en motivatie
persoonlijkheid
waarneming
aandacht en bewustzijn
onthouden en vergeten
intelligentie
psychopathologie

Institution
Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
Education
Politieke Wetenschappen
Course
Algemene Psychologie (000101)

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Inhoud
Wat is psychologie? 8
1 Een definitie van psychologie .............................................................................................. 8
1.1 Wat is het NIET? ......................................................................................................................................... 8
1.1.1 Wat is het dan wel? ............................................................................................................................... 8
2 Ontwikkelingen die de psychologie mogelijk gemaakt hebben........................................... 9
2.1 Geschiedenis .............................................................................................................................................. 9
3 Ontwikkelingen in de filosofie: waarom duurde het nu zolang? ....................................... 10
3.1 Oudgriekse filosofen 500-400 v.C. ........................................................................................................... 10
3.1.1 Wat is er allemaal gebeurd t.e.m. 15e eeuw? ..................................................................................... 10
3.2 Begin 17e eeuw ........................................................................................................................................ 11
3.2.1 Rationalisme ........................................................................................................................................ 11
3.2.2 Nativisme ............................................................................................................................................. 12
3.3 Hobbes, Locke & Hume met Empirisme (17e - 18e eeuw) ....................................................................... 12
3.3.1 Rationalisme vs. empirisme stroming ................................................................................................. 13
3.4 Evolutieleer (19e eeuw) ............................................................................................................................ 13
4 De beginjaren van de psychologie ..................................................................................... 14
4.1 Psychologische scholen ............................................................................................................................ 14
4.1.1 Structuralisme ..................................................................................................................................... 15
4.1.2 Functionalisme .................................................................................................................................... 15
4.1.3 Gestaltpsychologie .............................................................................................................................. 16
4.1.4 Behaviorisme ....................................................................................................................................... 17
4.1.5 Psychoanalyse...................................................................................................................................... 19
5 De hedendaagse psychologie ............................................................................................ 20
5.1 De verschillende deelgebieden ................................................................................................................ 20
5.2 Het concrete verschil tussen een psychiater en een psycholoog ............................................................ 21
5.3 Niveaus van analyse ................................................................................................................................. 21
6 Onderzoeksmethoden: de wetenschappelijke methode .................................................. 22
6.1 Theorie ..................................................................................................................................................... 23
6.2 Observatie ................................................................................................................................................ 23
6.3 Hypothese ................................................................................................................................................ 23
6.4 Onderzoeksmethode ............................................................................................................................... 24
6.4.1 Beschrijvende methode ....................................................................................................................... 24
6.4.2 Correlationele methode ...................................................................................................................... 26
6.4.3 Experimentele methode ...................................................................................................................... 28
6.5 Validiteit ................................................................................................................................................... 29
6.5.1 Interne validiteit .................................................................................................................................. 29
6.5.2 Externe validiteit .................................................................................................................................. 29
6.6 Ethiek bij onderzoek ................................................................................................................................ 30
6.7 Resultaten analyseren en evalueren ........................................................................................................ 30
6.8 Theorie ..................................................................................................................................................... 31
6.9 Conclusie .................................................................................................................................................. 31

1

, Conditionering en leren 32
1 Leren.................................................................................................................................. 32
2 Klassieke conditionering (Pavlov) ...................................................................................... 32
2.1 Kenmerken van Klassieke conditionering ................................................................................................ 33
2.1.1 Verwering ............................................................................................................................................ 33
2.1.2 Stimulusgeneralisatie en stimulusdiscriminatie .................................................................................. 34
2.1.3 Extinctie en spontaan herstel .............................................................................................................. 34
2.2 Contiguïteit .............................................................................................................................................. 36
2.3 Problemen behavioristische interpretatie ............................................................................................... 36
2.3.1 Leren zonder contiguïteit .................................................................................................................... 36
2.3.2 Biologische predispositie ..................................................................................................................... 37
2.3.3 Blokkering of kamin effect ................................................................................................................... 38
2.4 Fobieën .................................................................................................................................................... 39
2.4.1 Experiment Little Albert (11m) ............................................................................................................ 39
2.4.2 Experiment Little Peter (Mary Cover-Jones 1924)............................................................................... 39
3 Operante conditionering ................................................................................................... 40
Thorndike’s puzzle box (1898) .............................................................................................................................. 40
3.1 Skinner ..................................................................................................................................................... 40
Skinnerbox ........................................................................................................................................................ 41
3.2 Bekrachtiging (reinforcement) ................................................................................................................. 41
3.2.1 Shaping ................................................................................................................................................ 41
3.2.2 Extinctie ............................................................................................................................................... 41
3.2.3 Stimulusgeneralisatie .......................................................................................................................... 42
3.2.4 Stimulusdiscriminatie en -controle ...................................................................................................... 42
3.2.5 Primaire en secundaire bekrachter ..................................................................................................... 42
3.2.6 Continue vs. partiële bekrachtiging ..................................................................................................... 42
3.2.7 Weerstand tegen extinctie .................................................................................................................. 43
Skinnerbox ............................................................................................................................................................ 44
3.3 Straf (punishment) ................................................................................................................................... 44
3.3.1 Negatieve straf .................................................................................................................................... 44
3.3.2 Waarom is straf dikwijls niet effectief? ............................................................................................... 44
3.3.3 Voorwaarden effectieve straf .............................................................................................................. 45
3.3.4 Mowrer’s (1939) tweefactorentheorie ................................................................................................ 46
3.3.5 Aangeleerde hulpeloosheid ................................................................................................................. 47
4 Observerend leren............................................................................................................. 48
4.1 Bobodoll experiment (Bandura, 1965) ..................................................................................................... 48
4.1.1 Agressie ............................................................................................................................................... 48
4.2 Angst ........................................................................................................................................................ 48

2

, Emotie & Motivatie (Deel 1) 49
1 Emotie ............................................................................................................................... 49
1.1 Componenten van emotie ....................................................................................................................... 49
1.2 Emotietheorieën ...................................................................................................................................... 49
1.2.1 James-Lange theorie (einde 19e eeuw) ............................................................................................... 49
1.2.2 Cannon-Bard theorie (begin 20e eeuw) .............................................................................................. 50
1.2.3 Cognitive appraisal theorie Lazarus (‘60-‘70) ...................................................................................... 50
1.3 Emotionele brein...................................................................................................................................... 51
2 De lichamelijke component van emoties .......................................................................... 52
2.1 Dimensies van emotie .............................................................................................................................. 52
2.1.1 Zenuwstelsel ........................................................................................................................................ 52
2.1.2 Leugendetector ................................................................................................................................... 53
2.2 Emotie specifieke respons ....................................................................................................................... 54
3 Emotionele expressie ........................................................................................................ 55
3.1 Nature vs. nurture? .................................................................................................................................. 55
3.1.1 Darwin (1872) ...................................................................................................................................... 55
3.1.2 Ekman (1973) ....................................................................................................................................... 55
3.1.3 Authentieke vs. gespeelde glimlach .................................................................................................... 55
3.2 Facial feedback hypothese ....................................................................................................................... 56
3.2.1 Strack e.a. (1988) ................................................................................................................................. 56
3.3 Culturele uitingsregels ............................................................................................................................. 56
3.4 Conclusie .................................................................................................................................................. 56
Emotie en Motivatie (Deel 2) 57
1 Motivatie ........................................................................................................................... 57
2 Behoeftentheorieën .......................................................................................................... 57
Homeostase .......................................................................................................................................................... 57
2.1 Drifttheorie Hull (1943) ............................................................................................................................ 58
2.2 Instincttheorie (begin 20ste eeuw) .......................................................................................................... 58
2.3 Opwindingstheorie (begin 20ste eeuw) ................................................................................................... 58
2.4 Theorie Maslow (1943) ............................................................................................................................ 59
2.5 Probleem met de behoeftentheorieën .................................................................................................... 59
3 Doelentheorieën ............................................................................................................... 60
3.1 Intrinsieke en extrinsieke motivatie......................................................................................................... 60
3.2 Goal-setting theory (Locke & Latham, 1990) ........................................................................................... 60
3.3 Delayed gratification ................................................................................................................................ 60
3.3.1 Marshmallow experiment ................................................................................................................... 61
4 Prestatiemotivatie ............................................................................................................. 61
4.1 Prestatiemotivatie (Elliot, 1997) .............................................................................................................. 61
4.1.1 Negatieve egodoelen ........................................................................................................................... 61
4.2 Effect van omgeving ................................................................................................................................. 62
4.2.1 Pygmalion effect .................................................................................................................................. 62

3

, Persoonlijkheid 63
Persoonlijkheidstheorieën ........................................................................................................ 63
1 Klassieke visies op persoonlijkheid (gemeenschappelijk) .................................................. 63
1.1 Psychoanalyse .......................................................................................................................................... 63
1.1.1 Het onbewuste .................................................................................................................................... 64
1.1.2 Freuds persoonlijkheidstheorie ........................................................................................................... 64
1.1.3 Persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling: psychoseksuele stadia ........................................................................ 65
1.1.4 Psychoanalytische therapie of diagnose ............................................................................................. 67
1.1.5 Evaluatie .............................................................................................................................................. 69
1.2 Humanistische psychologie ...................................................................................................................... 69
1.2.1 Zelfactualisatie als drijvende kracht .................................................................................................... 69
1.2.2 Fenomenologische realiteit ................................................................................................................. 70
1.2.3 Humanistische therapie ....................................................................................................................... 71
1.3 Behaviorisme en cognitieve psychologie ................................................................................................. 71
1.3.1 Behaviorisme ....................................................................................................................................... 71
1.3.2 Cognitieve psychologie ........................................................................................................................ 72
1.3.3 Evaluatie .............................................................................................................................................. 73
Persoonlijkheidstheorieën .................................................................................................................................... 73
2 Persoonlijkheidsverschillen ............................................................................................... 73
2.1 Persoonlijkheidstypes .............................................................................................................................. 73
2.1.1 Vier temperamenten ........................................................................................................................... 74
2.1.2 Typologie van Sheldon ......................................................................................................................... 74
2.1.3 Myers-Briggs TYPE indicator ................................................................................................................ 75
2.2 Trekbenadering ........................................................................................................................................ 76
2.2.1 Allport (VS, 1936) ................................................................................................................................. 76
2.2.2 Cattell (VS): factoranalyse ................................................................................................................... 76
2.2.3 Eysenck (VS) ......................................................................................................................................... 77
2.2.4 The Big Five .......................................................................................................................................... 77
2.2.5 Conclusie trekbenadering .................................................................................................................... 78
2.3 Persoonlijkheidsstoornissen .................................................................................................................... 79
2.3.1 Persoonlijkheidsstoornissen diagnosticeren ....................................................................................... 79
2.3.2 Verschillende onderzoekstraditie persoonlijkheidsstoornis ............................................................... 79
2.4 Samenvatting ........................................................................................................................................... 79
Waarneming 80
1 Gewaarwording vs. Waarneming ...................................................................................... 80
1.1 Waarneming is een actief proces ............................................................................................................. 81
1.1.1 Ontbrekende gaten ............................................................................................................................. 81
1.1.2 Retinaal beeld 2D................................................................................................................................. 81
1.1.3 Perceptuele constantie ........................................................................................................................ 82
1.2 Heuristisch interpretatieproces ............................................................................................................... 82
1.3 Diepteaanwijzingen.................................................................................................................................. 82
1.3.1 Binoculaire dispariteit of diepteaanwijzing ......................................................................................... 83
1.3.2 Monoculaire diepteaanwijzing ............................................................................................................ 83
1.3.3 Visuele illusie ....................................................................................................................................... 84
2 Theorieën van waarneming ............................................................................................... 85
2.1 Bottom-up processen .............................................................................................................................. 85
2.1.1 Computationele theorie van Marr ....................................................................................................... 85
2.2 Top – down processen ............................................................................................................................. 88
2.2.1 Waarneming van beweging ................................................................................................................. 88
2.2.2 Bewegingsillusies ................................................................................................................................. 88

4

, Aandacht en Bewustzijn 89
1 Selectieve aandacht........................................................................................................... 89
1.1 Modellen van selectieve aandacht .......................................................................................................... 89
1.1.1 Cocktailpartyeffect (Cherry, 1953) ...................................................................................................... 89
1.1.2 Filtertheorie (Broadbent, 1958)........................................................................................................... 90
1.2 Wat doet selectieve aandacht ................................................................................................................. 91
1.2.1 Aandacht en zoeken ............................................................................................................................ 91
1.2.2 Feature Integration Theory (Treisman en Gelade, 1980) .................................................................... 92
2 Verdeelde aandacht .......................................................................................................... 93
3 Bewustzijn ......................................................................................................................... 94
3.1 Onbewuste processen.............................................................................................................................. 94
3.2 Conclusie .................................................................................................................................................. 94
4 Slaap .................................................................................................................................. 95
4.1 Circadiaans ritme ..................................................................................................................................... 95
4.1.1 EEG....................................................................................................................................................... 95
4.2 Dromen .................................................................................................................................................... 97
5 Hypnose............................................................................................................................. 97
5.1 Sanders en Simmons ................................................................................................................................ 97
Onthouden en Vergeten 98
1 Verdeling herinneringen .................................................................................................... 98
1.1 Eerste geheugenexperimenten: Ebbinghaus (eind 19de eeuw) ............................................................... 98
1.1.1 Besparingsmethode ............................................................................................................................. 98
1.1.2 Vergeetcurve ....................................................................................................................................... 98
2 Geheugenmodel atkinson en shiffrin ................................................................................ 99
2.1 Sensorisch register ................................................................................................................................... 99
2.1.1 Iconisch SR: visuele ervaringen............................................................................................................ 99
2.2 Kortetermijngeheugen (KTG) ................................................................................................................. 100
2.2.1 Capaciteit KTG ................................................................................................................................... 100
2.2.2 Duur KTG............................................................................................................................................ 100
2.3 Langetermijngeheugen (LTG) ................................................................................................................. 100
2.3.1 Seriële positiecurve ........................................................................................................................... 100
2.3.2 Impliciet geheugen ............................................................................................................................ 101
2.3.3 Expliciet geheugen ............................................................................................................................. 101
3 Hoe het geheugen verbeteren? ...................................................................................... 101
3.1 Het belang van hercodering en organisatie ........................................................................................... 102
3.2 Vergeten in het LTG ............................................................................................................................... 103

5

, Intelligentie 104
1 Wat is intelligentie? ......................................................................................................... 104
2 Analytische intelligentie .................................................................................................. 104
2.1 De ontwikkeling van intelligentietests ................................................................................................... 104
2.1.1 De eerste intelligentietest door Binet en Simon (Frankrijk, 1905) .................................................... 104
2.1.2 Intelligentiequotiënt (Stern, 1912) .................................................................................................... 104
2.2 Huidige intelligentietests ....................................................................................................................... 105
2.2.1 David Wechsler (VS) .......................................................................................................................... 105
2.3 Niet-verbale intellegentietest ................................................................................................................ 105
2.3.1 Raven progressive matrices ............................................................................................................... 105
2.4 Kenmerken van intelligentietests .......................................................................................................... 106
2.4.1 Psychometrische benadering ............................................................................................................ 106
2.5 Structuur analytische intelligentie ......................................................................................................... 108
2.5.1 Structuur ............................................................................................................................................ 108
Intercorrelaties WISC ...................................................................................................................................... 108
G-factor (Charles Spearman) .......................................................................................................................... 108
2.6 Stabiliteit IQ-scores ................................................................................................................................ 109
2.6.1 Flynn Effect ........................................................................................................................................ 109
2.7 Is intelligentie erfelijk? ........................................................................................................................... 110
3 Praktische intelligentie .................................................................................................... 110
3.1 Sternberg (1985) .................................................................................................................................... 110
3.2 Theorie meervoudige intelligenties (Gardner, 1983) ............................................................................. 110
4 Sociaal-emotionele intelligentie (EQ) .............................................................................. 111
4.1.1 Vragenlijsten: voorbeeld EQ-I (Bar-On, 1997) ................................................................................... 111

6

, Psychopathologie 112
1 Wat zijn mentale stoornissen? ........................................................................................ 112
1.1 Criteria mentale stoornis ....................................................................................................................... 112
1.1.1 Statistische criterium ......................................................................................................................... 112
1.1.2 Sociale criterium ................................................................................................................................ 112
1.1.3 Persoonlijke criterium ....................................................................................................................... 113
2 Perspectieven van mentale stoornissen .......................................................................... 113
2.1 Biologisch perspectief ............................................................................................................................ 113
2.2 Psychologisch perspectief ...................................................................................................................... 113
2.2.1 Hysterie.............................................................................................................................................. 113
2.3 Sociaal perspectief ................................................................................................................................. 114
2.4 Biopsychosociaal-model: voorbeeld depressieve stoornis .................................................................... 114
2.4.1 Diathese-stress model: voorbeeld schizofrenie ................................................................................ 114
3 Mentale stoornissen classificeren ................................................................................... 115
3.1 DSM classificatie .................................................................................................................................... 115
4 Prevalentie ...................................................................................................................... 115
5 Autismespectrumstoornis (ASS) ...................................................................................... 115
5.1 ASS ......................................................................................................................................................... 115
5.2 Geslachtsverschillen of -bias (vooroordeel)? ......................................................................................... 115
5.3 Theory of Mind (TOM) ........................................................................................................................... 116
5.3.1 Sally-Anne test ................................................................................................................................... 116
5.4 Omgeving ............................................................................................................................................... 116
6 Psychotische stoornissen ................................................................................................ 116
6.1 Schizofrenie ............................................................................................................................................ 116
6.1.1 Positieve symptomen ........................................................................................................................ 117
6.1.2 Negatieve symptomen....................................................................................................................... 117
6.1.3 Biologische behandeling .................................................................................................................... 118
6.1.4 Psychologische behandeling .............................................................................................................. 118
7 Stemmingsstoornissen .................................................................................................... 118
7.1 Depressieve stoornis .............................................................................................................................. 118
7.1.1 Psychologische behandeling .............................................................................................................. 118
7.1.2 Biologische behandeling .................................................................................................................... 119
7.2 Bipolaire stoornis ................................................................................................................................... 119
7.2.1 Behandeling ....................................................................................................................................... 119
8 Angststoornissen en obsessieve-compulsieve stoornissen ............................................. 120
8.1 Angststoornissen.................................................................................................................................... 120
8.1.1 Specifieke fobie ................................................................................................................................. 120
8.1.2 Sociale angststoornis ......................................................................................................................... 121
8.1.3 Veralgemeende angststoornis ........................................................................................................... 121
8.1.4 Paniekstoornis ................................................................................................................................... 121
8.2 Obsessief-compulsieve stoornis............................................................................................................. 121
8.2.1 Psychologische behandeling .............................................................................................................. 122

7

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