Summary
Summary Pharmaceutical Microbiology lectures
- Course
- Institution
Pharmaceutical Microbiology
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
PharmacyHelp
Reviews received
Content preview
P. MicrobiologyIntroduction
P. Olinga
03/02/2021
LUCA = last universal common ancestor, bacteria – archaea –
eukarya
Archaea: contains many microorganisms which grown under
extreme conditions, not pathogenic
Bacteria and eukarya (yeast/molds, fungi): majority of the
pathogenic and spoilage organisms.
Prokaryotic (bacteria and archaea) vs eukaryotic (eukarya) cells
All cells have:
- Permeability barrier, a cytoplasmic membrane to separate the inside of the cell from the
outside
- Ribosomes, responsible for protein synthesis
- A DNA genome, the complement of all genes in a cell. In prokaryotic cells closed circular
chromosomes and a nucleoid are present. In eukaryotic cells, there are linear molecules
within the nucleus.
Some cells have a cell wall, which lends structural strength to the cell.
Activities of the cells:
All cells show some form of metabolism, namely cell growth and division, but also evolution. Some
cells show differentiation, communication, gene exchange and motility.
Microorganisms:
Bacteria:
- Prokaryotic cell structure, with undifferentiated single cells with a length ranging form 0.2 –
10 micrometre
- Lack of nucleus
- Can adapt themselves to a large variety of
environments, like anaerobic/aerobic
- Have capacity to grow extremely fast.
Human bacterial infections are caused by strict pathogenic species, or by opportunistic pathogens.
There is a large variety of infections, e.g. food poisoning, pneumonia, skin infections, urinary tract
infection, throat and mouth infection, meningitis, eye infection. The amount of cells needed for an
infection varies: e.g. 10 cells of shigella dysentriae to provoke dysentery, but at least 1000 cells of
Vibrio cholera to provoke cholera.
Bacterial endospores or sporulation:
, - Highly differentiated cells that are extremely resistant to heat, harsh chemicals and radiation
- Survival structures
- Enable the organism to endure unfavourable growth conditions
- Dormant state of the cell
Mollicutes or mycoplasmas:
- Smallest free-living prokaryotic organisms
- Lack a cell wall
- Relatively resistant to osmotic lysis due to sterols in the cell membrane
- Widespread in nature
- Most that infect humans are extracellular parasites (mycoplasma pneumonia, mycoplasma
genitalium)
Fungi: molds, mushrooms and yeasts
- Inhabit soil or dead plant matter, multicellular
- The difference between molds and yeast is not always clear. Molds are obligate aerobic,
grow on the surface or the uppermost layers of a substrate. Yeasts are typically unicellular
organisms, budding.
- Some fungi are pathogenic to humans, e.g. trichophyton sp. or candida sp, or produce toxic
substances like aspergillus flavus
- Cause contamination and spoilage
Viruses:
- A non-cellular genetic element which is dependent in a suitable host cell for its multiplication
- Size ranges form 20-300 nm
- Are not living organisms, since they lack independent metabolism
- Composed of a core of genetic material (and a protein coat or capsid), either in the form of
DNA or RNA
Prions:
- Proteinaceous infectious particle
- Unique type of infectious agent
- Prion disorders: neurodegenerative disorders like scrapie, kuru, bovine spongiform
encephalopathy and Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease
- Long incubation period
- Fatal once clinical symptoms have appeared
- Infectious prions are generated in the brain
Biological contamination: raw materials used for pharmaceutical preparations
- European pharmacopoeia (endotoxins, LPS)
- Virus: use of a virus retentive filter, verify by performing in vivo testes or in vitro tests such as
PCR
- Prions: TSE free: purchasing materials from non-animal origin or from non-TSE relevant
animals
- If purchased from TSE-relevant animal species a certificate is needed
Biological contamination: the impact
- Direct hazard to patient
- Whether a contaminated product will trigger infection or disease depends on number of
microorganisms (CFU per g or ml), ability to grow and metabolize, properties of the particular
strains, immunocompetence of patient (diseases or suppressive), administration route
Biological contamination: natural barrier
, - Skin e.g.: dry and acidic, keratin, erosion of skin removes microorganisms, toxic fatty acids,
normal skin microbiota (competition), antimicrobial peptides (defence)
- Mucosa e.g.: lysozyme for breakdown of peptidoglycan (in e.g. tears/saliva/human milk)
- Lactoferrin (in e.g. saliva, tears, nasal secretions)
But also biological contamination by ciliated epithelium, stomach (acidic environment, denaturation
of peptides), enzymes in the GI-tract, microbiota, immune system, quick local response.
Biological contamination:
Aerobic: skin, nose, mouth, lungs
Anaerobic: mouth, intestines, skin (folded skin or creases), genitals, biofilms
Impact of biological contamination:
Origin of microbial contamination:
Primary: at premises or during preparation, personnel / raw materials / water / air / equipment /
packaging
Secondary: during storage, transport and administration
Prevention and mitigation of the risk of microbiological contamination
P. Microbiology
Media, cell wall pH microbiology
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller PharmacyHelp. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $5.88. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
53068 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now