werking en regulatie van het cardiovasculaire systeem
werking en regulatie van het respiratoire systeem
cardiorespiratoire reacties
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Hogeschool Arnhem en Nijmegen (HAN)
Academie Lichamelijke Opvoeding / ALO
SBG2
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Inspannings- en sportfysiologie
Hoofdstukken 3,4,6,7,8,21,22
In deze samenvatting heb ik hoofdstukken 3,4,6,7,8,21 en 22 samengevat. Dit is stof voor het
tentamen van SBG2 van ALO-hoofdfase 1.
,Inhoudsopgave
Hoofdstuk 3 Neurale sturing van beweging.................................................................................................... 5
Hoofdstuk 3.1 De bouw en functie van het zenuwstelsel.....................................................................................6
Het neuron.......................................................................................................................................................6
De zenuwimpuls...............................................................................................................................................7
Geleidelijke potentialen...................................................................................................................................7
Actiepotentiaal................................................................................................................................................8
Synaps..............................................................................................................................................................9
De motorische eindplaat...............................................................................................................................10
Neurotransmitters.........................................................................................................................................10
De postsynaptische respons..........................................................................................................................10
Hoofdstuk 3.2 Het centrale zenuwstelsel...........................................................................................................11
De hersenen...................................................................................................................................................11
Het ruggenmerg.............................................................................................................................................12
Hoofdstuk 3.3 Het perifere zenuwstelsel............................................................................................................13
Het sensorische deel......................................................................................................................................13
Het motorische deel......................................................................................................................................13
Het autonome zenuwstelsel..........................................................................................................................13
Hoofdstuk 3.4 sensomotorische integratie.........................................................................................................14
Sensorische input...........................................................................................................................................14
Motorische respons.......................................................................................................................................16
Hoofdstuk 4 Hormonale regulatie tijdens inspanning...................................................................................17
Hoofdstuk 4.3 De hormonale regulatie van het metabolisme tijdens inspanning.............................................17
Regulatie van het koolhydraatmetabolisme tijdens inspanning...................................................................17
De regulatie van het vetmetabolisme tijdens inspanning.............................................................................18
Hoofdstuk 6 Werking en regulatie van het cardiovasculaire systeem............................................................19
Hoofdstuk 6.1 Het hart.......................................................................................................................................19
De bloedstroom door het hart......................................................................................................................19
Het myocard..................................................................................................................................................20
Het prikkelgeleidingssysteem van het hart...................................................................................................22
Externe controle van de hartactiviteit...........................................................................................................24
Het elektrocardiogram..................................................................................................................................24
Hartritmestoornissen.....................................................................................................................................25
Terminologie van de hartfunctie...................................................................................................................25
Hoofdstuk 6.2 Het vasculaire systeem................................................................................................................26
Bloeddruk.......................................................................................................................................................26
Algemene hemodynamica.............................................................................................................................26
Verdeling van het bloed.................................................................................................................................27
Hoofdstuk 6.3 Het bloed.....................................................................................................................................30
Bloedvolume en samenstelling......................................................................................................................30
Rode bloedcellen...........................................................................................................................................30
Viscositeit van het bloed...............................................................................................................................30
Hoofdstuk 7 Werking en regulatie van het respiratoire systeem...................................................................31
Hoofdstuk 7.1 Longventilatie..............................................................................................................................31
Hoofdstuk 7.2 Inspiratie.....................................................................................................................................32
Hoofdstuk 7.3 Expiratie......................................................................................................................................32
2
, Hoofdstuk 7.4 Longvolumina..............................................................................................................................32
Hoofdstuk 7.5 Longdiffusie.................................................................................................................................33
Doorbloeding van de longen in rust..............................................................................................................33
Gaswisseling in de alveoli..............................................................................................................................34
Hoofdstuk 7.6 Transport van zuurstof en kooldioxide........................................................................................35
Zuurstoftransport..........................................................................................................................................35
Kooldioxidetransport.....................................................................................................................................36
Hoofdstuk 7.7 Gaswisseling bij de spieren.........................................................................................................36
Arterioveneus zuurstofverschil......................................................................................................................36
Zuurstoftransport in de spier.........................................................................................................................37
Factoren van invloed op zuurstofafgifte en -opname...................................................................................37
Verwijdering van kooldioxide........................................................................................................................37
Hoofdstuk 7.8 Regulatie van longventilatie.......................................................................................................37
Hoofdstuk 8 Cardiorespiratoire reacties op acute inspanning.......................................................................39
Hoofdstuk 8.1 Cardiovasculaire reacties op acute training................................................................................39
Hartfrequentie...............................................................................................................................................39
Slagvolume.....................................................................................................................................................39
Hartminuutvolume........................................................................................................................................40
Vergelijking van Fick......................................................................................................................................41
De cardiale reactie op inspanning.................................................................................................................41
Bloeddruk.......................................................................................................................................................41
Doorbloeding.................................................................................................................................................43
Het bloed.......................................................................................................................................................43
Integratie van de reactie op inspanning........................................................................................................45
Hoofdstuk 21 Lichamelijke activiteiten en cardiovasculaire aandoeningen....................................................46
Hoofdstuk 21.2 Vormen van cardiovasculaire aandoeningen...........................................................................46
Aandoeningen aan de coronaire arteriën.....................................................................................................46
Hypertensie....................................................................................................................................................46
Beroerte.........................................................................................................................................................46
Hartfalen........................................................................................................................................................47
Andere cardiovasculaire aandoeningen........................................................................................................47
Hoofdstuk 21.3 Het ziekteproces........................................................................................................................48
Pathofysiologie van aandoeningen aan de coronaire vaten..............................................................................48
Pathologie van hypertensie...........................................................................................................................49
Hoofdstuk 21.4 Het bepalen van het individuele risico......................................................................................49
Risicofactoren voor aandoeningen aan de coronaire vaten.........................................................................49
Risicofactoren voor hypertensie....................................................................................................................49
Hoofdstuk 21.5 Het verlagen van het risico door lichamelijke activiteit............................................................50
Afname van het risico op aandoeningen aan de coronaire vaten................................................................50
Verlagen van het risico op hypertensie.........................................................................................................50
Hoofdstuk 22 Obesitas, diabetes en lichamelijke activiteiten........................................................................51
Hoofdstuk 22.1 Obesitas.....................................................................................................................................51
Terminologie en indeling...............................................................................................................................51
Prevalentie van overgewicht en obesitas......................................................................................................51
Het beïnvloeden van het lichaamsgewicht...................................................................................................51
Etiologie van obesitas....................................................................................................................................52
Gezondheidsproblemen door overgewicht en obesitas...............................................................................53
Hoofdstuk 22.2 Afvallen.....................................................................................................................................54
3
, Hoofdstuk 22.3 Lichamelijke activiteit bij het verlagen van het lichaamsgewicht en beperken
gezondheidsrisico’s.............................................................................................................................................54
Veranderingen in lichaamsgewicht door training.........................................................................................54
Mechanismen voor verandering van lichaamsgewicht en lichaamssamenstelling......................................55
Plaatselijk afvallen.........................................................................................................................................55
Aerobe inspanning met lage intensiteit........................................................................................................55
Lichamelijke activiteit en het verminderen van gezondheidsrisico’s............................................................56
Hoofdstuk 22.4 Diabetes....................................................................................................................................56
Terminologie en indeling...............................................................................................................................56
Prevalentie van diabetes...............................................................................................................................58
Etiologie van diabetes....................................................................................................................................58
Gezondheidsproblemen door diabetes.........................................................................................................59
Hoofdstuk 22.5 Behandeling van diabetes.........................................................................................................59
Hoofdstuk 22.6 De rol van lichamelijke activiteit bij diabetes...........................................................................59
Diabetes type I...............................................................................................................................................59
Diabetes type II..............................................................................................................................................59
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