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lOMoARcPSD|6106013Week 4 Class Typed Notes
Research Design (University of Glasgow)
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, lOMoARcPSD|6106013
Research Design: Week 4- 9/10/2017
Measurement
Slide 2: Why is Measurement in the R/S Cycle?
See slide for diagram.
Slide 3: Topics in Measurement
1. Units, cases, observations.
2. Forms of data collection.
3. Reliability.
4. Validity.
4.1 Construct validity.
4.2 External validity.
4.3 Internal validity.
Slide 4: Units, Cases and Observations
Unit of analysis = unit = case.
Unit is often used in quantitative research.
Case is often used in qualitative research.
The researcher collects observations on variables within units/cases.
Slide 5: Quantitative Example: Attendance of Lectures
Does the number of courses a student takes in each semester affect attendance in
the Research Design lecture?
Units: students.
Variables: number of courses; attendance.
Observations: {u1: 3; false}, {u2: 1; true} etc.
Slide 6: Qualitative Example: Fear of Teaching after Assault
How do female high school teachers who have been physically assaulted by students
overcome their fears so they can effectively teach?
(Assuming there is no prior research on the topic.)
Cases: a few female teachers who have been assaulted.
Variables: strategies teachers employ; teaching effectiveness.
Observations: {c1: s1; −}, {c: s2; +}, {c2: s2; +} etc.
Slide 7: Forms of Data Collection
Formal testing (academic test; intelligence test; personality test).
Interviewing (with private individuals or representatives of organisations).
Global ratings (Likert scales; see Krosnick 1999 and Schaeffer and Presser 2003).
See slide for table 1-5.
Observation (video recording; participant observation).
Biological measures (blood pressure; grip strength test).
Two Types of Observations= obtrusive and unobtrusive.
Slide 8: Validity and Reliability
Validity ≈ unbiasedness ≈ accuracy ≈ low systematic measurement error.
Reliability ≈ low variance ≈ precision ≈ low unsystematic measurement error.
See slide for images from Source: http://www.geographer-miller.com/accuracy-vs-
precision/
Downloaded by Shiyuan Yang (775220506@qq.com)
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