In this document, you can find the Anatomy manual for the course Human Anatomy and Physiology. This included questions and answers about what you learned during the practicals and may be very useful while studying for the exam. Some answers are written a bit longer in order to give extra informatio...
Preparation:
- Study this manual and the itemlist prior to participation in the practical. Use your
study book, Martini: Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology and / or the Video
atlas.
Item list:
You need to know the location and function of the mentioned structures. As well as
blood supply and innervation. Use the itemlist (CANVAS) sections
Lower respiratory tract
Trachea; Tracheal cartilage; Anular ligaments of the trachea; Primary bronchi ;
Secondary bronchi (Lobar); Tertiary bronchi (Segmental); Bronchioles; Terminal
bronchioles; Alveolar ducts; Alveoli; Visceral pleura, Parietal pleura;
Costodiaphragmatic recess; Costomediastinal recess; Dome of the pleura; Lungs
(pulmones); Impressions of the lung; Apex ; Hilum; Superior, middle, inferior lobe;
Oblique fissure; Horizontal fissure; Respiratory muscles
Sternocleidomastoid muscles; Scalene muscles; Pectoralis minor muscle; Serratus
anterior muscle; Internal/external intercostal muscles; Diaphragm; Transverse
thoracis muscle; Rectus abdominus muscle; Internal/External oblique muscle
1
, 1. Larynx
Assignment
Study the Larynx and Head in the specimen or model and your book/slides:
‒ nasopharynx, oropharynx, ‒ Cricothyroid and cricoarytenoid
laryngopharynx joints
‒ hard and soft palate ‒ Vestibular fold and vocal fold
‒ cartilago thyroid, cricoid, (false and true vocal chords)
arytenoid cartilage and epiglottis
Questions
1. What parts does the laryngeal skeleton consist of?
The thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, epiglottis, arytenoid cartilages,
corniculate cartilages and cricothyroid. The first three are unpaired cartilages,
and the latter three are paired cartilages.
2. Which parts of the larynx skeleton are responsible for opening and closing
the vocal cords?
Arytenoid cartilage through the cricoarytenoid joint.
3. Which parts of the upper respiratory tract can be accessed to establish a
patent airway during certain life-threatening situations?
Cricothyroid membrane.
Can hurt: laryngeal recurrent and superior laryngeal nerve.
4. Which group of muscles play a role in the movements of the laryngeal
skeleton? (Intrinsic laryngeal muscles) Which nerve innervates these
muscles? (nerve larynges recurrent).
The muscles of the larynx can be divided into two groups; the external muscles
and the internal muscles. The external muscles act to elevate or depress the
larynx during swallowing. In contrast, the internal muscles act to move the
individual components of the larynx – playing a vital role in breathing and
phonation.
The superior laryngeal nerve runs lateral to the pharynx and gives off both
internal and external laryngeal nerves. The external laryngeal nerve runs
lateral to the larynx deep to the sternothyroid muscle and innervates the
cricothyroid and superior pharyngeal muscles.
5. How is food prevented from entering the larynx? x2
During swallowing the larynx elevates, causing the epiglottis to fall on the
glottis (opening into larynx) like a lid, closing it off - this prevents food from
entering the windpipe (trachea). And the vocal cords.
6. Search for the true and false vocal cords in the model and anatomical
specimen.
2
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