Samenvatting van de colleges van Hedendaagse Politieke Filosofie, aangevuld met literatuur waar nodig is. Dit bevat hoofdstukken uit het boek van Kymlicka, maar ook verplichte wetenschappelijke artikelen van bijvoorbeeld Sandel en Cohen.
De kerngedachte van Nozick
- absolute property rights
- talent is een uniek eigendom
→ niet vrijwillige herverdeling is een schending van het eigendom
- self-ownership argument as an appeal to the idea of treating people as equal
Kymlicka on Nozick
- Self-ownership Argument
1. the most startling consequence of Nozick’s claims is that the stat has no
business in helping those in poverty
a. people do not have right to welfare assistance
b. individuals are end and not merely means (Kantian Principle)
c. self-ownership also includes talent
→ liberal egalitarianism makes talent and so people mere resources
2. Those worried about falling sick or becoming unemployed, may take out an
insurance to reduce their vulnerability (on the free market)
a. it signifies that what owns and what is owned are one and the same,
nemely, a whole person
3. not all public good may be short in supply
→ purely reflective significance
- Entitlement Theory
1. a person who acquires a holding in accordance with the principle of justice in
the acquisition is entitled to that holding
2. a person who acquires a holding in accordance with the principle of justice in
transfer, from someone else entitled to that holding, is entitled to that holding
3. no one is entitled to a ho,ding except by application 1 and 2
- Libertarianism
1. libertarianism as mutual advantage
a. if everyone would hold of a specific action it is mutually advantageous
(e.g. overfishing)
2. libertarianism as liberty
a. an unrestricted market involves more freedom → freedom is a
fundamental value
b. paradox of Nozick’s theory: interferences in people’s lives to make
sure no one interferes in their lives
c. property rights only increase freedom if we have some prior and
independent reason to view such rights as morally legitimate
→ liberty as to do what one has the moral right to do
, College 5 - Communitarisme
Spheres of Justice (Walzer)
- ‘the aim of political egalitarianism is a society free from domination, it is not a hope of
elimination of differences’
- Our understandings: the vision of equality is relevant to the social world in which it
was developed. It is not relevant or necessary to all social world
- Rawls doet geen recht aan de culturele situering
- Rawls vergeet het pluralisme
1. pluraliteit aan goederen (e.g. medische zorg, macht)
2. veelheid aan verdeelde procedures
- Goederenleer
1. sociale goederen
2. constitutief voor de identiteit
3. niet één set primaire goederen → recht doen aan de veelheid
4. verdeling volgt betekenis
5. betekenis is veranderlijk
6. specifieke betekenissen zorgen voor autonome verdelingen
- Monopolie & Dominantie
1. dominante goederen zijn van hoge orde: wie in het bezit is van een dominant
goed, is in een staat om een hele rang andere goederen te beheersen
2. elke monopolie zal onvermijdelijk worden aangevochten
3. equality
a. monopoly is unjust
→ simple equality: the progress of conversion is certain to bring
inequalities & there are no single primary or basic goods conceivable
across all moral and material worlds
b. dominance is unjust
→ complex equality: no social good X should be distributed to men
and women who possess some other good Y (bewaken van de
grenzen van de maatschappelijke sfeer: lokale monopolie als
tegenhanger)
- merely because they posses Y and;
- without regard to the meaning of X
c. existing pattern combining the two is unjust
monopoly → intervention → activist state → monopoly
Prodedural Republic & the Unencumbered Self (Sandel)
- kernpunten:
1. Filosofische aantrekkingskracht (Kantiaanse grondslagen)
2. onhoudbaarheid: rechtvaardigheid & gemeenschap
3. procedurele republiek vs. politics of the common good
- the Social Thesis
1. the common good as a substantive conception of the good life
→ the embedded self in the community
2. capacity can only be exercised on a certain kind of society
3. there is no idea of a neutral state (Taylor)
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