The lectures and chapters from the book have been combined in a clear summary. Here and there some Dutch bits have been added (green and italicized) so that it is also clear for Dutch students. Furthermore, many pictures have been used to illustrate and you will find more clear pictures at the end ...
All lectures for Medical Neuroscience & Neuroanatomy (2022/2023)
SubCortical Nuclei of the Brain
Complete summary for the ENDTERM of Medical Neuroscience & Neuro anatomy
All for this textbook (5)
Written for
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)
Klinische Neuropsychologie
Medical Neuroscience & Neuro-anatomy (P_MMEDINN)
All documents for this subject (5)
2
reviews
By: andreadejong • 2 year ago
By: youssra_bouchengour • 3 year ago
Translated by Google
The lectures were fairly chaotic at the VU (because several side ways were taken during the lectures) and yet this is a clear and well-ordered summary. Top!
Seller
Follow
mai-ly
Reviews received
Content preview
Exam preparation
Medical Neuroscience & Neuroanatomy
Lectures and literature
Inhoudsopgave
Lecture 1 & Chapters 1,2 and relevant pages of 10, 12 ..................................................................................... 3
General history and physical exam .................................................................................................................... 3
Hemiparesis vs. paralysis ................................................................................................................................... 3
Hearth arrythmia................................................................................................................................................ 4
Arteries ............................................................................................................................................................... 5
Embryological of the central nervous system ..................................................................................................... 5
White vs. Gray matter ......................................................................................................................................... 9
Anatomical organization: various ways of subdividing the nervous system .................................................... 11
Lesion vs. Hand ................................................................................................................................................ 11
Short Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 11
Stretch reflex .................................................................................................................................................... 12
Lecture 2 & Chapter 6 ........................................................................................................................................ 12
Somatic versus autonomic nervous system ....................................................................................................... 12
Parkingson disease ........................................................................................................................................... 14
Important terms ................................................................................................................................................ 15
Pyramidal or extrapyramidal systems (motor functions) ................................................................................. 16
Ascending motor pathway ................................................................................................................................ 19
Tentorial Herniation ........................................................................................................................................ 20
Coma ................................................................................................................................................................ 21
Primary, secondary and tertiary areas (association cortices) ......................................................................... 21
Lecture 3 & Chapter 7 and 10............................................................................................................................ 22
Motor vs. somatosensory cortical areas ........................................................................................................... 22
Internal capsule ................................................................................................................................................ 22
Blood vessels .................................................................................................................................................... 22
Figures + tables for exam ................................................................................................................................ 25
Neurons ............................................................................................................................................................ 26
Neurotransmitters............................................................................................................................................. 26
Four different basic system sorts of metabolism of neurotransmitters ............................................................. 27
4 types of receptors .......................................................................................................................................... 28
,Lecture 4 & Chapter 7, 12 and 13...................................................................................................................... 30
Neurophysiology............................................................................................................................................... 30
Psychogalvanic response or lie detector test ................................................................................................... 30
Nerve conduction influences ............................................................................................................................ 30
What can go wrong in motor nerve condition? ................................................................................................ 30
Clinical syndromes ........................................................................................................................................... 31
Needle examination .......................................................................................................................................... 31
Summary → Good reasons for an electromyographic test............................................................................... 32
Posturing and triple flexion .............................................................................................................................. 32
Signs of upper motor neurons and lower motor neuron lesions ....................................................................... 32
Functional neurological disorder..................................................................................................................... 33
How does pain work? ....................................................................................................................................... 33
Which fibers are transmitting pain? ................................................................................................................. 34
Pain Lamineas .................................................................................................................................................. 34
Somatosensory pathways .................................................................................................................................. 35
Examples of type of pain .................................................................................................................................. 36
Lecture 5 & Chapter 12, 13 and 14.................................................................................................................... 36
Pain pathways .................................................................................................................................................. 36
Pain suppression: gate control theory (spinal cord level) + music ................................................................. 37
Descending pathways ....................................................................................................................................... 37
Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS) ............................................................................................... 38
Locked-in syndrome ......................................................................................................................................... 38
Cranial Nerves ................................................................................................................................................. 39
Sleep ................................................................................................................................................................. 40
Consciousness .................................................................................................................................................. 43
Nice picture to know ........................................................................................................................................... 45
, Lecture 1 & Chapters 1,2 and relevant pages of 10, 12
General history and physical exam
The general history and physical exam (H&P) usually contain the following elements:
• The chief complaint (CC)
• History of the present illness (HPI)
• Past medical history (PMH)
• Review of systems (ROS)
• Family history (FHx)
• Social and environmental history (SocHx/EnvHx)
• Medications and allergies
• Physical exam
• Laboratory data
• Assessment and plan
Hemiparesis vs. paralysis
Patient with stroke (infarction or hemorrhage bleeding): can have both a pure hemiparesis
or an paralysis. The stroke can both be a cortical as well as a subcortical problem
Pure hemiparesis: paralysis of one part of the body. Weakness of muscles (CNS problem)
(NL: verlamming van een kant van je lichaam)
• Pure hemiparesis with no sensory loss?
Then we can exclude some hypothesis, like:
o Cortical lesion: unlikely because a cortical lesion would involve the entire
motor strip (nearby sensory strip), therefore there is a high risk for sensory
involvement
(NL: hersenschors bedenkt veel kwabben, waaronder de hele motorstrip)
o Peripheral lesion: unlikely because the olfactory nerve and the opticus nerves
are peripheral, therefore the whole face would be affected as well as the
entire half of the body
(NL: hierbij zou het gezicht dus aangedaan moeten zijn)
o Medulla and the spinal cord are affected: unlikely because the face would be
spared and with pure hemiparesis half of the face is affected (only the lower
part of the face) The upper part of the face is controlled by the ipsilateral and
contralateral side. So, one side can take over the functions of the other side
(NL: als de medulla en ruggengraat geraakt zijn, is het gezicht ook vaak
aangetast)
o No sensory loss with pure hemiplegia is not very common
We can also include some areas:
o More likely to have sensory problems if you have a stroke near the motor
cortex, because the somatosensory cortex is nearby
So it could be in the following areas: this region motor systems come close together,
face also has bilateral branch so upper half will be ok
o Corticospinal/pyramidal tract (large motor systems) and corticobulbar
o Contralateral: on the other side
, Paralysis: paralysis of the whole body. Complete loss of muscle strength (CNS problem)
(NL: complete verlamming)
NOTE: if paresis or paralysis would be a PNS problem, alle the nerves would have to be
affected individually. It is a CNS problem because all nerves are affected at once!
Hearth arrythmia
Middle cerebral artery: if the blood clot arrives in the middle arteria, it will affect the arm
more then the leg because the middle arteria also receives blood from the anterior arteria
Anterior cerebral artery: if the blood clot arrives in the anterior arteria, it will close it up,
therefore the area behind it will fall out and produce an edema (pressure on the brain), in
the first 24u people try to eliminate/remove as much as possible from the edema. When this
doesn’t exceed it causes an infarct (NL: afsterven van weefsel). Here the leg is more affected
then the arm
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller mai-ly. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $9.65. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
