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Samenvatting Media Publiek en Effecten
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Samenvatting van al mijn notities en slides van het opleidingsonderdeel 'Media Publiek en Effecten'
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Media: Publiek en EffectenProf. Dr. H. Vandenbosch
2020-2021
1
,Inhoud
H1. Algemene inleiding op publieksdeel ................................................................................................. 6
1.1 Mediagebruik is deels selectief ............................................................................................... 6
1.2 Uses and gratifications ............................................................................................................ 7
1.2.1 Affectgerelateerde behoeften................................................................................................ 8
1.2.2 Informatiegerelateerde behoeften ........................................................................................ 9
1.2.3 Sociale behoeften ................................................................................................................... 9
1.2.4 Behoeften aan identiteit ...................................................................................................... 10
1.2.5 Opmerkingen uses & gratifications ...................................................................................... 10
1.3 Psychologische/sociale factoren hebben invloed op ervaring en (mogelijkheden tot)
concrete invulling van behoeften...................................................................................................... 10
H2. Leeftijd en mediagebruik ................................................................................................................ 11
2.1 Leeftijd en mediagebruik: jongeren ...................................................................................... 11
2.2 Cognitieve ontwikkeling .............................................................................................................. 12
2.3 Jongeren en klassieke media ................................................................................................. 15
2.3.1 Mediagebruik kinderen ........................................................................................................ 17
2.3.2 Mediagebruik adolescenten ................................................................................................. 18
2.4 Jongeren en nieuwe media: internet en games .......................................................................... 18
2.4.1 Verschillen kinderen – adolescenten ................................................................................... 19
2.4.2 Verschuiving over de tijd ...................................................................................................... 19
2.4.3 Soorten internetkansen........................................................................................................ 21
2.4.4 Soorten internetrisico’s ........................................................................................................ 22
2.5 Leeftijd en mediagebruik: volwassenen ................................................................................ 25
2.6 Leeftijd en mediagebruik: ouderen ............................................................................................. 26
2.7 Leeftijd en mediagebruik: algemene cijfergegevens................................................................... 28
2.8 Leeftijden in de media ................................................................................................................. 30
H3. Gender en mediagebruik ................................................................................................................ 32
3.1 Gendersocialisatie ....................................................................................................................... 33
3.2 Voorstelling van mannen en vrouwen in de media .................................................................... 34
3.3 Gender en mediagebruik ............................................................................................................. 40
3.3.1 Reinforcing Spiral (Slater, 2007) ........................................................................................... 41
3.3.2 Media Practice Model .......................................................................................................... 41
3.3.3 Gender en mediagebruik ...................................................................................................... 42
3.4 Besluit .......................................................................................................................................... 45
H4. Sociale klasse en mediagebruik ...................................................................................................... 46
4.1 Klasse en levensstijl ..................................................................................................................... 49
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, 4.2 Klasse en mediagebruik ............................................................................................................... 52
4.3 Sociale mobiliteit ......................................................................................................................... 55
4.3.1 “Klasse van context” ............................................................................................................. 56
4.4 Voorstelling van klassen in de media .......................................................................................... 58
H5. Gezin en mediagebruik ................................................................................................................... 60
5.1 Kenmerken van gezin .................................................................................................................. 61
5.2 Plaats van media in gezinsterritorium en tijdsindeling ............................................................... 63
5.3 Invloed van ouders op mediagebruik kinderen..................................................................... 69
H6. Etniciteit en mediagebruik .............................................................................................................. 72
6.1 Inleiding ....................................................................................................................................... 72
6.2 Rol van media in multiculturele samenleving ............................................................................. 74
6.3 Betrokkenheid van etnische minderheidsgroepen bij media-productie .................................... 74
6.4 Representatie van etnische groepen........................................................................................... 76
6.5 Mediagebruik van etnische groepen ........................................................................................... 79
6.5.1 TV-gebruik ............................................................................................................................ 82
6.5.2 Radiogebruik......................................................................................................................... 82
6.5.3 Nieuwsgebruik ...................................................................................................................... 82
6.5.4 Internetgebruik..................................................................................................................... 82
H7. Inleiding media-effectonderzoek .................................................................................................... 84
7.1 Geschiedenis van media-effectonderzoek .................................................................................. 84
7.2 Classificatie van media-effectenonderzoek ................................................................................ 84
7.2.1 Inhoud .................................................................................................................................. 85
7.2.2 Termijn en duur .................................................................................................................... 85
7.2.3 Soorten effecten ................................................................................................................... 86
7.2.4 Directe en indirecte effecten................................................................................................ 88
7.2.5 Niveau van het effect ........................................................................................................... 89
7.2.6 Bedoeld of onbedoeld .......................................................................................................... 89
7.2.7 Richting ................................................................................................................................. 89
7.2.8 Verklarende mechanismen................................................................................................... 90
7.3 Methoden van media-effectenonderzoek .................................................................................. 90
7.3.1 Voorbeeld laboratoriumexperiment .................................................................................... 91
7.3.2 Voorbeeld veldonderzoek .................................................................................................... 92
7.3.3 Voorbeeld correlationeel onderzoek ............................................................................ 93
7.3.4 Voorbeeld longitudinaal onderzoek ..................................................................................... 94
7.3.4 Voorbeeld meta-analyse ............................................................................................... 95
H8. Media en criminaliteit ..................................................................................................................... 97
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, 8.1 Inleiding ....................................................................................................................................... 97
8.2 Een geboeid publiek? .................................................................................................................. 98
8.2.1 Methode ............................................................................................................................. 103
8.2.2 Resultaten........................................................................................................................... 105
H9. Media en seksualiteit .................................................................................................................... 112
9.1 Seksualiteit in de media ............................................................................................................ 112
9.1.1 Effecten .............................................................................................................................. 116
9.2 Pornografie ................................................................................................................................ 118
9.2.1 Effecten .............................................................................................................................. 119
9.3 Seksualiteit en het internet ....................................................................................................... 124
H10. Media en stereotypering ............................................................................................................ 125
10.1 Sociaal cognitieve benadering ................................................................................................. 126
10.2 Culturele benadering ............................................................................................................... 126
10.3 Stereotype als schema ............................................................................................................ 128
10.4 Assumpties ivm stereotypen ................................................................................................... 131
10.4.1 Vrije antwoorden.............................................................................................................. 132
10.4.2 Adjectievenchecklijst ........................................................................................................ 132
10.4.3 Semantisch differentiaal................................................................................................... 133
10.4.4 Implicit association test .................................................................................................... 134
10.5 Stereotype mediavoorstellingen ............................................................................................. 135
10.5.1 Effecten van (contra)stereotiepe mediavoorstellingen ................................................... 135
H11. Media en gezondheid ................................................................................................................. 138
11.1 Alcoholgerelateerde media-inhouden & effecten op (determinanten van) alcoholgebruik .. 141
11.1.1 Drankreclame en alcoholgebruik ..................................................................................... 141
11.1.2 Alcohol in film / op TV ...................................................................................................... 144
11.1.3 Alcohol op social media .................................................................................................... 145
11.2 Rookgerelateerde media-inhouden & effecten op (determinanten van) rookgedrag ........... 146
11.2.1 Tabaksreclame en rookgedrag ......................................................................................... 146
11.2.2 Roken in films / op TV....................................................................................................... 146
11.3 Mediavoorstellingen van risicovol autorijden & effecten op (determinanten van) rijgedrag 147
11.4 Media-inhouden gerelateerd aan voeding en uiterlijk & effecten op (determinanten van)
eetgedrag ........................................................................................................................................ 149
H12. Media en schoolprestaties .......................................................................................................... 153
12.1 Televisiekijken en algemene schoolprestaties: verschillende theorieën ................................ 153
12.2 Televisiekijken en schoolprestaties: resultaten ...................................................................... 157
10.3 Mediagebruik en taal .............................................................................................................. 159
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