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Space and Environment in the European Union 100% Summary: Lectures, Articles, European Union Politics (McCormick) and Exam Questions
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Space and Environment in the EU- Lectures
● Exam literature
Content
I. EU Governance
- Lecture 1: Introduction
● McCormick 1: Understanding integration
● McCormick 2: What is the EU?
- Lecture 2: History of European Integration
● McCormick 4: First steps (1944-1958)
● McCormick 5: Building the Community
● McCormick 6: From Community to Union
● McCormick 7: Crisis and opportunity
- Lecture 3: Council of Ministers and the European Council
- Lecture 4: European Parliament
● McCormick 11: Council of Ministers
● McCormick 12: European Parliament
● McCormick 13: European Council
- Lecture 5: European Commission
● McCormick 10: European Commission
● Inside the EU Commission (Blom, 2020)
● Working Group: EU Governance
- Lecture 6: EU Law
● McCormick 8: The Treaties
● McCormick 14: European Court of Justice
- Lecture 7: Theories of EU Integration
● Grand Theories of European Integration (Hooghe, 2019)
● Liberal Intergovernmentalism and EU crises (Schimmelfennig, 2018)
● Comparative politics (Hix, 1994)
II. Space and Environment in the EU
- Lecture 8: European Regional Policy and Spatial Planning (Space)
● New Leipzig Charter
● Spatial planning and governance and New Urban Agenda (Dalhammer, 2018)
● Mapping the impact of EU policies on spatial planning (Evers, 2016)
● Planning cultures and histories: evolution of planning systems (Stead, 2015)
- Lecture 9: EU Environmental policies (Environment)
● McCormick 24: Environmental Policy
● EU Environmental politics, policies and outcomes (Selin, 2015)
● Council and MS: changing environmental leadership dynamics (Wurzel, 2019)
- Lecture 10: Territory Matters
- Lecture 11 (Guest Lecture): Territorial Development in The Netherlands
- Lecture 12: Implementation of EU Environmental Policy
● Working Group: Exam Questions
,I. EU Governance
College 1: Introduction
Rule production EU
- transfer of policy authority: EU, national and regional scale
● national and regional scale have more rules
- estimates of % of EU impact varies from 20-70%
- rules at each scale need to be aligned
● EU doesn’t impose its laws; EU steers and constrains member states, and v.v.
● variation between member states with regard to EU laws
So, what is the EU really?
- IO or like a state?
● treaty-based organisation: member states may withdraw
● but also adopts legislation as state characteristic
- federal (general- + regional government) or confederal system (states united for action)?
● every member state own constitution and may withdraw
● supremacy of EU not in all policy areas
● national variation of EU laws
● federalism meanings: federal union / authority dispersed over different levels of
government / EU ‘super state’
- powerhouse or not?
● supranational decision powers, but not all policy areas
○ Commission decides, or European Parliament and Council of Ministers
● some areas supplements, not replaces MS policy; coordination > decisions
● decision-making getting risk-averse, so difficult to move away from status quo
○ Joint decision trap (Scharpf: )
- democratic or technocratic system? (decision-maker elected based on tehnical knowledge)
● powerful European parliament, but media attention
● national politics dominate public debate
● European Council rather secretive
● influential European Commission
- unique?
McCormick 1: Understanding integration
● Related to the EU is the STATE. It was the usual means for organizing large-scale political
communities.
● The modern state was born in Europe in the Middle Ages, today’s European state has
become more clear by the 17th Century, with the Peace of Westphalia (1648). With it
borders and sovereignty achieved a new prominence- > today the term Westphalian system
is used as shorthand for the resulting international order.
Some now question the health of the system, arguing that the state is dying, and pointing to
the EU and other ex. of regional integration as proof of how government and authority are
being redefined. Others think that the state is becoming stronger as reaction to globalization.
● There is little agreement on the definition of STATE, but most scholars would agree that it
is a legal and political entity with 5 key features:
, 1. Government – recognized authority to administer and to represent the state in
dealings with other governments
2. population – their needs and rights lie at the foundation of the work and the legal
existence of states
3. Legitimacy – the authority of a state and its institutions is recognized by the
inhabitants of the territory and by the governments of other states
4. Territory – state operates within fixed and populated territories marked out by legal
boundaries
5. Sovereignty – the institutions of the state have a monopoly over the expression of
legal and political power within its boundaries
None of these features are static, because boundaries change, authority of institutions
evolves and for many states the international legal standing is disputed.
● in 1800 there were barely two dozen states in the world, after the WW2 only 45 more. After
decolonization
and the break-up of the European empire many new independent states. Today nearly 200.
● NATION is a cultural identity: a community whose members identify with each other based
on shared
language, ancestry, history, culture, territory, religion, myths and symbols.
● National identity started growing in the French Revolution, becoming the main source of
political legitimacy
in Europe and the glue that governments used to extend and define their power.
● Identification with nations can arise NATIONALISM: belief in the value of preserving the
identifying qualities
of a nation and promoting its interests.
● Because few states coincide with nations, nationalism has often sparked intercommunity
conflict and political instability (e.g. Wars in the 19th century, right wing anti immigrant
political parties today).
● Interstate cooperation has risen, mostly through bilateral and multilateral contracts
between and among governments, or through the creation of international organizations
(IO): a body set up to promote cooperation between or among states, based on the
principles of voluntary cooperation, communal management and shared interests.
● IO started before WW1 but the growth in international cooperation started after the WW2
● IO have two major categories:
1. International non-governmental organizations (NGO): members are individuals or
the representatives of private associations
2. Intergovernmental organizations (IGO): members are states with the goal to
promote cooperation among state governments. They don’t control territories or have
much opportunity for independent action since they are based on voluntary
cooperation of the members. They don’t have much authority beyond the
requirements of the terms of membership. But they have legitimacy among the
members because they are created through their free will.
● IO have the following qualities:
- voluntary cooperation: there is no law that can be used to force citizens, IO only rely
on consent and voluntary cooperation.
- communal management: they organize themselves and make decisions based on
the shared views of the members
- shared interests: decisions not based on self-interest but in a forum within which
members identify and work on shared interests
, - minimal autonomy: the institutions set up to manage or coordinate the interests of IO
have few independent powers, and can do only what the member states allow
● International cooperation can evolve into REGIONAL INTEGRATION (Haas) = the
promotion of cooperation
and collective action among a group of states (they form a regional integration association)
based on the
identification of shared interests (mostly economical), common goals, pooling of resources
and creation of
opportunity. Regional integration involves the creation of new institutions that have the
authority to make
new policies in areas where the members have agreed to cooperate
● Regional integration present already in monarchies, then in the modern era in customs
union (Zollverein).
● After WW2 people were arguing state had lost his power. There was a concern that elites
would rebuild the
state and lead to new tensions. The answer to the problem lay in FEDERALISM: the
promotion of the idea of federation, in other words replacing the European state system with
a new European federation
● To avoid tensions between FR and DE some resistance movements created in 1946 the
European Union of Federalists. Between those, MONNET saw federalism as an end-state
that could only be reached gradually: not from a great political mutation, but from the first
small step like the creation of the European Coal and
Steel Community (ECSC). This would spread to other areas of policy, with the eventual
achievement of the European Federation.
● The “Monnet Method” of “federalism by instalments” was criticized by Spinelli, that pointed
out the lack of a political centre and leadership to push the process along. Instead, strong
and independent institutions were needed
● The functionalist Miltrany criticized the “fixation” the studies of international relations, the
key challenge was for him to weld together the common interests of all without interfering
with the particular ways of each. For him, federalism was too rigid and was difficult to
maintain against political nationalism. Peace wouldn’t be reached through alliances and
agreements among governments, but by setting up a network of functionally specific
international institutions dealing with relatively non-controversial matters. With the
success of these interstate ties, the national sovereignty would decline and be replaced by a
new international community. The economic and functional ties would lead to political ties,
this web of cooperation would result in a “working peace”.
● Focused on Europe, Haas developed a grand theory of regional integration using the case
of ECSC. He asked how cooperation in specific economic policy sectors led to deeper
economic integration in Europe, and then to wider political integration. He developed the
NEOFUNCTIONALISTIC theory: states are not the only
important actors for integration, but also supranational institutions, interest groups and
political parties play a role.
● Haas argued that in addition to functionalist cooperation, integration needs encouragement
by political and economic actors pursuing self-interest. These actors work mainly at the
subnational and supranational level, while state governments would only respond to these
developments.
● He defined the process of Spillover: the pressures through which cooperation among
states in one area of policy will lead to pressures to cooperate in other areas.
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