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Samenvatting Psychologie 1e Jaar
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Psychologie1ste jaar Orthopedagogie
Docent: Marit De Vroey
stefia.vandenhoven@student.kdg.be
[Bedrijfsnaam]
,DEEL 1: PSYCHOLOGIE ALS WETENSCHAP ........................................................................................ 7
1. WETENSCHAPPELIJKHEID VAN DE PSYCHOLOGIE...................................................................... 7
1.1. EEN DEFINITIE VAN PSYCHOLOGIE .................................................................................................. 7
1.2. WAT MAAKT PSYCHOLOGIE TOT EEN WETENSCHAP? .......................................................................... 7
1.2.1. CRITERIA ...................................................................................................................................... 7
1.2.2. WETENSCHAPPELIJKE METHODE ....................................................................................................... 8
1.2.3. DOELSTELLINGEN VAN DE PSYCHOLOGIE ........................................................................................... 10
1.2.3.1. Theoretische psychologie ..................................................................................................... 10
1.2.3.2. Toegepaste psychologie ....................................................................................................... 10
1.3. EEN DEFINITIE VAN GEDRAG ....................................................................................................... 10
1.3.1. ONDERSCHEID BETEKENISLOZE EN ZINVOLLE STIMILIUS EN REACTIE ....................................................... 11
1.3.2. ONDERSCHEID OBJECTIEF WAARNEEMBAAR EN INTERPRETATIE............................................................. 11
1.4. WAT ZIJN INTERNE PROCESSEN ................................................................................................... 11
1.5. WANNEER NEMEN WE DAN IETS VOOR “WAAR” AAN? ..................................................................... 11
2. KORTE GESCHIEDENIS VAN DE PSYCHOLOGIE ......................................................................... 12
2.1. DE VROEGE PSYCHOLOGIE ......................................................................................................... 12
2.1.1. STRUCTURALISME ........................................................................................................................ 12
2.1.2. FUNCTIONALISME ........................................................................................................................ 12
2.2. VERSCHILLENDE INVALSHOEKEN .................................................................................................. 12
2.2.1. DE BIOLOGISCHE INVALSHOEK ........................................................................................................ 12
2.2.2. DE EVOLUTIONAIRE INVALSHOEK .................................................................................................... 12
2.2.3. DE COGNITIEVE INVALSHOEK .......................................................................................................... 12
2.2.4. DE PSYCHODYNAMISCHE INVALSHOEK.............................................................................................. 12
2.2.5. DE HUMANISTISCHE INVALSHOEK .................................................................................................... 12
3. HEDENDAAGSE PSYCHOLOGIE ................................................................................................ 13
3.1. ECLECTISCH WERKEN ................................................................................................................ 13
3.2. HET BELANG VAN DE BIOLOGIE ................................................................................................... 13
3.3. DE ONMISBAARHEID VAN COGNITIEVE PROCESSEN .......................................................................... 13
3.4. DE MENS ALS DEEL VAN DE GROEP ............................................................................................... 13
4. TERREINEN IN DE PSYCHOLOGIE............................................................................................. 14
4.1. THEORETISCHE PSYCHOLOGIE ..................................................................................................... 14
4.1.1. ALGEMENE PSYCHOLOGIE .............................................................................................................. 14
4.1.2. DIFFERENTIËLE, PERSOONLIJKHEIDS- EN INDIVIDUELE PSYCHOLOGIE ...................................................... 14
4.1.3. PSYCHOPATHOLOGIE .................................................................................................................... 14
4.1.4. SOCIALE PSYCHOLOGIE .................................................................................................................. 14
4.2. TOEGEPASTE PSYCHOLOGIE ........................................................................................................ 15
STEFIA.VANDENHOVEN@STUDENT.KDG.BE 2
,5. ONDERZOEKSMETHODEN IN DE PSYCHOLOGIE ...................................................................... 15
5.1. BESCHRIJVENDE METHODES ....................................................................................................... 15
5.1.1. DE GEVALSTUDIE.......................................................................................................................... 15
5.1.2. OBSERVATIE................................................................................................................................ 15
5.1.3. SURVEY (ENQUÊTE, PEILING) .......................................................................................................... 16
5.1.4. DE TEST...................................................................................................................................... 16
5.2. VERKLARENDE METHODES ......................................................................................................... 16
5.2.1. HET EXPERIMENT ......................................................................................................................... 16
5.2.2. CORRELATIE-ONDERZOEK .............................................................................................................. 16
5.2.3. ARCHIEFDATA.............................................................................................................................. 16
DEEL 2: LEERPSYCHOLOGIE .............................................................................................................. 1
1. GEWENNINGSLEREN: HABITUATIE EN SENSITISATIE ................................................................. 1
1.1 HABITUATIE .............................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 SENSITISATIE ............................................................................................................................. 1
2. ASSOCIATIEVE LEERTHEORIEËN ................................................................................................ 1
2.1 KLASSIEKE CONDITIONERING (PAVLOV) ........................................................................................... 2
2.1.1 OMSCHRIJVING .............................................................................................................................. 2
2.1.2 SCHEMATISCHE BESPREKING VAN EEN KLASSIEKE CONDITIONERINGSPROEF ................................................ 3
2.1.2.1 Verloop van het experiment ................................................................................................... 3
2.1.2.2 Schematische voorstelling van de procedure ......................................................................... 3
2.1.2.3 Schematische voorstelling van het klassieke leer- of conditioneringsproces ......................... 3
2.1.2.4 Resultaten ............................................................................................................................... 3
2.1.2.5 Toepassingen........................................................................................................................... 4
2.1.3 KENMERKEN VAN KLASSIEKE CONDITIONERING OF RESPONDENT LEREN ..................................................... 4
2.1.4 EEN AANTAL PRINCIPES DIE AANSLUITEN BIJ DE KLASSIEKE CONDITIONERING .............................................. 5
2.1.4.1 Uitdoving van de geconditioneerde reactie en spontaan herstel ........................................... 5
2.1.4.2 Aversieve conditionering......................................................................................................... 5
2.1.4.3 Conditionering van hogere orde ............................................................................................. 6
2.1.4.4 Prikkel- of stimulusgeneralisatie ............................................................................................. 7
2.1.4.5 Prikkel- of stimulusdiscriminatie ............................................................................................. 7
2.1.4.6 Experimentele neurose ........................................................................................................... 7
2.2 OPERANTE CONDITIONERING (THORNDIKE & SKINNER) ...................................................................... 7
2.2.1 THORNDIKE: LEREN DOOR GISSEN EN MISSEN & DE WET VAN HET EFFECT ................................................. 8
2.2.2 SKINNER: OPERANTE OF INSTRUMENTELE CONDITIONERING.................................................................... 8
2.2.3 KENMERKEN VAN OPERANTE OF INSTRUMENTELE CONDITIONERING ......................................................... 9
2.2.4 OVERZICHTSCHEMA......................................................................................................................... 9
2.2.5 BEKRACHTIGERS ............................................................................................................................. 9
2.2.5.1 Soorten bekrachtigers ............................................................................................................. 9
2.2.5.2 Aandachtspunten bij belonen ............................................................................................... 11
2.2.5.3 Toepassingen in opvoedingssituaties .................................................................................... 11
2.2.6 STRAFFEN .................................................................................................................................... 11
2.2.6.1 Soorten straffen .................................................................................................................... 11
2.2.6.2 Effecten van straffen ............................................................................................................. 12
STEFIA.VANDENHOVEN@STUDENT.KDG.BE 3
, 2.2.6.3 Aandachtspunten bij straffen ................................................................................................ 12
2.2.7 UITDOVING.................................................................................................................................. 12
2.2.7.1 Negeren ................................................................................................................................. 12
2.2.7.2 Time out (TAVA) .................................................................................................................... 12
2.2.7.3 Confrontatie (exposure) ........................................................................................................ 13
2.2.8 AARD VAN DE CONTIGENTIES .......................................................................................................... 13
2.2.9 HET EFFECT VAN UITSTEL VAN VERSTERKING ...................................................................................... 14
2.2.10 EEN AANTAL PRINCIPES DIE AANSLUITEN BIJ DE OPERANTE CONDITIONERING ......................................... 14
3. LATENT LEREN (NEO-BEHAVIORISME) .................................................................................... 15
3.1 LATENT LEREN (TOLMAN) ........................................................................................................... 15
3.1.1 OMSCHRIJVING ............................................................................................................................ 15
3.1.2 EXPERIMENT IN VERBAND MET LATENT LEREN .................................................................................... 15
3.1.2.1 Opzet ..................................................................................................................................... 15
3.1.2.2 Resultaten ............................................................................................................................. 15
3.1.2.3 Besluiten................................................................................................................................ 15
3.1.3 PRINCIPES VAN LATENT LEREN ......................................................................................................... 16
4. MODEL-LEREN (BANDURA) .................................................................................................... 16
4.1 EXPERIMENT VAN BANDURA ....................................................................................................... 16
4.1.1 OPZET......................................................................................................................................... 16
4.1.2 RESULTATEN ................................................................................................................................ 16
4.2 VERKLARINGEN VAN HET EXPERIMENT ........................................................................................... 16
4.3 KENMERKEN VAN MODELING ...................................................................................................... 17
4.4 TOEPASSINGEN ........................................................................................................................ 17
5. LEREN EN COGNITIE ............................................................................................................... 17
5.1 SYSTEEM VAN COGNITIEVE INFORMATIEVERWERKING ....................................................................... 18
5.1.1 WAARNEMING ............................................................................................................................. 18
5.1.2 GEHEUGENBEELDEN ...................................................................................................................... 18
5.1.3 HET ZINTUIGLIJKE GEHEUGEN .......................................................................................................... 19
5.1.4 HET KORTE-TERMIJN-GEHEUGEN (KTG) OF WERKGEHEUGEN................................................................ 20
5.1.5 HET PERMANENT OF HET LANGE-TERMIJN-GEHEUGEN (LTG) ............................................................... 20
5.1.5.1 Het declaratieve geheugen ................................................................................................... 20
5.1.5.2 Het niet-declaratieve of impliciete geheugen ....................................................................... 21
5.1.6 HERSENLETSELS EN AMNESIE ........................................................................................................... 22
5.2 ONTHOUDEN EN HERINNEREN ..................................................................................................... 22
5.2.1 AANDACHT EN TIJD ....................................................................................................................... 22
5.2.2 VERBANDEN LEGGEN (ASSOCIATIES) ................................................................................................. 22
5.2.3 ORDENING, STRUCTUUR................................................................................................................. 23
5.2.4 CUE-AFHANKELIJKE HERINNERING .................................................................................................... 23
5.2.5 TAAKSPANNING EN MOTIVATIE ........................................................................................................ 24
5.2.6 HEVIGE EMOTIES EN HERINNERINGEN ............................................................................................... 24
5.3 VERGETEN .............................................................................................................................. 25
5.3.1 VERVALTHEORIE ........................................................................................................................... 25
5.3.1.1 Ebbinghaus en vergeten ........................................................................................................ 25
STEFIA.VANDENHOVEN@STUDENT.KDG.BE 4
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