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BOT 1502 SUMMARY NOTES
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BOT1501 summary notes (58 pages handwritten)
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BOT 1502 SUMMERISED NOTESThe Endosymbiotic Theory
The Endosymbiotic Theory is a theory that tries to explain the origin of eukaryotic organelles
such as, mitochondria and chloroplast. The theory gathers information on how prokaryotic
cells, which are cells without membrane bound organelles merged with other cells to create
eukaryotic cells with organelles. Different cells used to photosynthesis while others thrived in
aerobic conditions and were heterotrophic. The cells would help each other survive in a
symbiotic relationship, but later became one. Mitochondria formed through the
endosymbiotic theory. A small vesicle formed into a mitochondria initial and developed an
envelope of a double membrane promitochondrion with perpendicular invagination in the
cytoplasm.
The initials formed through budding of the nuclear membrane and firstly divided by
abscission and soon after that started dividing by partition membrane. Chloroplast formed
through this theory as well, by developing a small vesicle from budding. In presence of light
the vesicle formed an amiloplast and later it developed parallel invaginations birthing a
young chloroplast organelle. The chloroplast matured and soon started dividing by
abscission and partition membrane and degenerated to form chromoplast as well. In the
case of darkness, the young vesicle would develop into an etioplast and develop from there.
The formation of chloroplast, indicated that the type of cells that lived symbiotically, where
blue-green bacterial and other prokaryotic cells. The endosymbiotic theory has factors that
support it as well as, factors that contradict it, as it is just a theory and has not shown to be
factual
CARA Legislation
The CARA legislation which is the Conservation of Agriculture Resources Act has three
categories of weed and invader plants that should be followed for better conservation and
maintenance of biodiversity. The basic role of the CARA legislation is to enforce guidelines
to any land user of an area of natural vegetation with the presence of social communities to
strictly follow the practices by the legislation to prevent the deterioration of natural resources
and combat bush encroachment where it happens. The different categories, group different
invasive plants into group one, two and three in order for the plants to be managed
successfully according to their group rules and regulation for better management of weeds
and invasive plants. Category one states that invader plants in this category must be
removed and destroyed immediately on land and water surfaces and may no longer be
planted or propagated and trade in these plants is prohibited.
Category two states that invader plants in this category may be grown under controlled
conditions and have proven to be potentially invasive but have beneficial properties in
permitted zones and trade in these type of plants is prohibited. Category three states that
plants in this category may no longer be propagated or sold and existing plants do not need
to be removed because they are popular ornamentals or shade trees. The role of the CARA
legislation is also very important in allowing indigenous plants to grow freely with no
competition for resources and space caused by invasive plants. This will preserve the
indigenous plant species as well as, the different animal, insect species need the plants for
habitats, food and general survival. The legislation also controls the rate of extinction and
removal of mass plantations due to invasive plants
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