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Samenvatting Methoden en onderzoek 1 & 2
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Volledige samenvatting van cursus methoden en onderzoek 1 & 2
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1 INLEIDING................................................................................................................................................... 51.1 ONDERZOEKSOPZET..............................................................................................................................................5
1.1.1 Alternatieve en nulhypothese..................................................................................................................5
1.2 STUDIEDESIGN AANPASSEN AAN ONDERZOEKSDOEL....................................................................................................5
1.2.1 Voorbereidend literatuuronderzoek........................................................................................................6
1.3 KWANTITATIEVE BENADERING................................................................................................................................6
1.3.1 Soorten studiedesigns..............................................................................................................................6
1.3.1.1 Experimenteel..................................................................................................................................................6
1.1.1.1.1. RCT.......................................................................................................................................................... 6
1.3.1.2 Observationeel................................................................................................................................................6
1.1.1.1.2. Cohort-onderzoek...................................................................................................................................6
1.1.1.1.3. Case-control onderzoek..........................................................................................................................7
1.1.1.1.4. Dwarsdoorsnede of cross-sectioneel onderzoek.....................................................................................7
1.1.1.1.5. Ecologisch of correlatieonderzoek..........................................................................................................7
1.1.1.1.6. Case reports, case studie of gevallenbeschrijving...................................................................................7
1.3.2 Verzamelen gegevens..............................................................................................................................7
1.3.2.1 Populatie en steekproef...................................................................................................................................7
1.3.2.2 Interventiegroep en controlegroep.................................................................................................................8
1.3.2.3 Variabelen.......................................................................................................................................................8
1.3.2.4 Type variabelen...............................................................................................................................................9
1.3.2.5 Validiteit, betrouwbaarheid en reproduceerbaarheid.....................................................................................9
1.3.2.6 Confounding of verstorende factoren.............................................................................................................9
1.3.3 Analyseren gegevens.............................................................................................................................10
1.3.3.1 Exploreren data.............................................................................................................................................10
1.1.1.1.7. Kwantitatieve continue variabelen.......................................................................................................10
1.1.1.1.8. Kwalitatieve categorische variabelen (ordinaal, nominaal, dichotoom)................................................10
1.3.3.2 Exploreren verbanden tussen data................................................................................................................11
1.1.1.1.9. Frequentiematen..................................................................................................................................11
1.1.1.1.10. Associatiematen..................................................................................................................................11
1.1.1.1.11. Correlatie............................................................................................................................................12
1.1.1.1.12. Toetsen...............................................................................................................................................12
1.3.3.3 Interpretatie en conclusie..............................................................................................................................13
1.3.4 Rapporteren...........................................................................................................................................13
1.4 KWALITATIEVE BENADERING.................................................................................................................................13
1.4.1 Verzamelen gegevens............................................................................................................................14
1.4.1.1 Interview........................................................................................................................................................14
1.4.1.2 Participerende observatie..............................................................................................................................14
1.4.1.3 Focusgroep gesprekken.................................................................................................................................15
1.4.1.4 Document analyse.........................................................................................................................................15
1.4.2 Methodologische criteria.......................................................................................................................15
1.4.2.1 Validiteit........................................................................................................................................................ 15
1
, 1.4.2.2 Betrouwbaarheid...........................................................................................................................................15
1.4.3 Procedure van dataverzameling en opslaan.........................................................................................16
1.4.4 Coderen en analyseren..........................................................................................................................16
1.4.4.1 Computer software........................................................................................................................................16
1.4.4.2 Theoretische modellen..................................................................................................................................16
1.4.4.3 Coderen zelf...................................................................................................................................................17
1.4.5 Rapporteren...........................................................................................................................................17
2 MEETINSTRUMENTEN KWANTITATIEF ONDERZOEK...................................................................................18
2.1 INLEIDING.........................................................................................................................................................18
2.2 SOORTEN..........................................................................................................................................................18
2.3 BETROUWBAARHEID...........................................................................................................................................19
2.3.1 Inter- en intra beoordelaarsbetrouwbaarheid......................................................................................19
2.3.2 Test-hertest betrouwbaarheid...............................................................................................................19
2.3.3 Interne consistentie betrouwbaarheid..................................................................................................20
2.4 VALIDITEIT VAN MEETINSTRUMENTEN....................................................................................................................20
2.5 VERBAND BETROUWBAARHEID (RELIABILITY) EN VALIDITEIT (VALIDITY)........................................................................21
3 BEOORDELEN EN BEGRIJPEN RESULTATEN KWANTITATIEF ONDERZOEK.....................................................21
3.1 INLEIDING.........................................................................................................................................................21
3.2 DIAGNOSE ONDERZOEK.......................................................................................................................................21
3.2.1 Beschrijvend...........................................................................................................................................21
3.2.2 Analytisch..............................................................................................................................................22
3.3 RISICO INSCHATTING...........................................................................................................................................23
3.3.1 Beschrijvend...........................................................................................................................................24
3.3.1.1 Dichotome variabelen....................................................................................................................................25
3.3.1.2 Continue variabelen.......................................................................................................................................25
3.3.2 Analytisch..............................................................................................................................................26
3.4 THERAPIE ONDERZOEK........................................................................................................................................26
3.4.1 Beschrijvend en analytisch.....................................................................................................................27
4 KWANTITATIEF ONDERZOEK VIA ENQUÊTES EN VRAGENLIJSTEN...............................................................27
4.1 METHODEN VAN ENQUÊTEREN.............................................................................................................................27
4.1.1 Methoden..............................................................................................................................................27
4.1.2 Criteria...................................................................................................................................................28
4.2 ONDERZOEKSVRAAG NAAR ENQUÊTE.....................................................................................................................29
4.2.1 Stappen in operationaliseringsproces...................................................................................................30
4.2.1.1 Stap 1: bepaal variabelen in onderzoeksproces.............................................................................................30
4.2.1.2 Stap 2: definieer variabelen...........................................................................................................................30
4.2.1.3 Stap 3: omzetten van variabelen, kenmerken of domeinen naar indicatoren...............................................31
4.2.1.4 Stap 4: omzetten van indicatoren naar vragen en antwoordmogelijkheden.................................................31
2
, 4.3 ENQUÊTE OPSTELLEN..........................................................................................................................................32
4.3.1 Soorten enquête vragen........................................................................................................................32
4.3.2 Tips bij opstellen van vragen.................................................................................................................33
4.3.3 Tips opstellen antwoordmogelijkheden................................................................................................33
4.4 GELDIGHEID EN BETROUWBAARHEID ENQUÊTE........................................................................................................33
4.5 ANALYSE DATA MET VRAGENLIJSTEN......................................................................................................................34
4.5.1 Voorbereiden data-analyse...................................................................................................................34
4.5.1.1 Coderen vragenlijst........................................................................................................................................34
4.5.1.2 Opmaken van codeboek................................................................................................................................34
4.5.1.3 Opmaken van databank.................................................................................................................................34
4.5.1.4 Variabelen en hun meetniveau......................................................................................................................35
4.5.2 Analyseren en beschrijven variabelen...................................................................................................35
4.5.2.1 Frequentietabel.............................................................................................................................................35
4.5.2.2 Diagram......................................................................................................................................................... 36
4.5.2.3 Maten van ligging en spreiding......................................................................................................................37
4.5.2.4 Whisker boxplot.............................................................................................................................................37
4.5.3 Exploreren verbanden tussen variabelen..............................................................................................37
4.5.3.1 Kruistabel.......................................................................................................................................................37
4.5.3.2 Correlatietabel...............................................................................................................................................38
4.5.3.3 Grafische voorstellingen gecombineerde variabelen.....................................................................................39
4.5.3.4 Vergelijken van gemiddelden.........................................................................................................................39
5 KWALITEITSCRITERIA BIJ KWALITATIEF ONDERZOEK..................................................................................39
6 KWALITATIEF ONDERZOEK DOOR MIDDEL VAN INTERVIEWS.....................................................................41
6.1 SOORTEN INTERVIEWS........................................................................................................................................41
6.2 INTERVIEWS VOORBEREIDEN................................................................................................................................41
6.2.1 Selectie deelnemers...............................................................................................................................41
6.2.2 Onderzoeksvraag naar interview guide.................................................................................................41
6.3 INTERVIEWS AFNEMEN........................................................................................................................................42
6.3.1 Wie ben je en hoe kom je voor?............................................................................................................42
6.3.2 Wat heb je nodig aan logistiek?............................................................................................................42
6.3.3 Interviewstijl..........................................................................................................................................42
6.3.4 Afnemen interview................................................................................................................................43
7 KWALITATIEF ONDERZOEK VIA FOCUSGROEPEN........................................................................................43
7.1 PLANNING FOCUSGROEPEN..................................................................................................................................43
7.1.1 Samenstellen en rekruteren focusgroepen............................................................................................43
7.1.2 Grootte van de groep.............................................................................................................................43
7.1.3 Aantal focusgroepen.............................................................................................................................43
7.1.4 Opstellen interviewguide.......................................................................................................................43
3
, 7.1.5 Logistiek.................................................................................................................................................44
7.2 DATAVERZAMELING VIA FOCUSGROEPEN................................................................................................................44
8 DATA-ANALYSE VAN KWALITATIEF ONDERZOEK........................................................................................45
8.1 PRINCIPES.........................................................................................................................................................45
8.1.1 Cyclisch aspect van proces.....................................................................................................................45
8.1.2 Niet gestandaardiseerd zijn van proces van analyseren.......................................................................45
8.2 ANALYSE TEKSTMATERIAAL..................................................................................................................................45
8.2.1 Inleiding.................................................................................................................................................45
8.2.2 Fasen......................................................................................................................................................45
8.2.2.1 Grondig doorlezen en kennismaken data......................................................................................................45
8.2.2.2 Fragmenteren, organiseren en coderen van data..........................................................................................45
8.2.2.3 Theoretische modellen..................................................................................................................................46
8.2.2.4 Verfijnen van codering...................................................................................................................................46
8.2.2.5 Beschrijven en theorievorming......................................................................................................................46
8.2.2.6 Conclusie....................................................................................................................................................... 46
9 ETHISCHE EN JURIDISCHE ASPECTEN VAN WETENSCHAPPELIJK ONDERZOEK..............................................46
9.1 ETHIEK GEDIFINIEERD..........................................................................................................................................46
9.1.1 Zorgethiek..............................................................................................................................................46
9.1.2 Ethiek en wetenschappelijk onderzoek..................................................................................................47
9.2 AANVAARDBAARHEIDSEISEN BIJ ONDERZOEK...........................................................................................................47
9.2.1 Redelijkheidsvereiste.............................................................................................................................47
9.2.2 Informed consent...................................................................................................................................48
9.2.3 Privacy...................................................................................................................................................48
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