Process of prep when issue from institutional agenda reaches decision agenda.
Sidney: “Identifying and/or crafting a set of policy alternatives to address a problem & narrow
set of solutions in prep of final policy decision.”
Elements of PD:
Goals
Target groups of policy
Agents (actors implementing policy)
Implementation structure, rules / regulations needed
Policy instruments
Rationales, explanation of why
Assumptions
Actors involved by institutional factors → dominant political ideas, ideas of affected groups,
setting (level of gov)
K&T: policy design confined to executive, parliaments & state bureaucracy (ministers)
Civil servants influenced by
→ experts, international organisations, interest groups & party ideology
Role of policy instruments - Finding best means to achieve solution:
- Rules & regulation
- Financial measures
- Communication
When do instruments fit?
→ Complicating factors: behavioural change
→ Consider impediments: do thing people otherwise would not have done
Inhibitions to overcome to change behaviour
• Not see oneself as directed by law / law does not allow
• Lack of incentives or capacities
• Disagreement w/ values goals or means
• Problem to act unclear / non-visible or vague
• Lack of motivation or misunderstanding of intention
1. Authority tools
“Simple statements backed by the legitimate authority of gov. granting permission,
prohibiting, or requiring action under circumstances.”
2. Incentive tools
“Utility maximisers not positively motivated to take policy-relevant action, unless influenced
by anchorage or coerced by manipulators of money, life or liberty.”
, Inducements → positive: taxes breaks, grants …
Charges → consequences, paying when passing set limits
Sanctions → penalty failure to comply
Force → use of policing
3. Symbolic tools
“Motivated to take policy-related actions based on values & beliefs.”
• Persuasive communication or positive labelling
STONE - Policy as a combination of carrots & sticks
Considerations:
- Rational assumptions
• a utilitarian model of behaviour (self-interst)
• unitary actors can behave rationally
• orientation to the future
- Design incentives
• gap between design & implementation
• complex web relations, gap implementation & target
- Rules indirect commands
- Rules depend on the legitimacy of actors
- Rules define inclusion & exclusion
Communication as persuasion
1. Attempts to communicate policy decisions
2. A form of indoctrination
Policy conflict manipulation prevails (scientific results to influence, use of misleading info &
disclosing strategically)
Lecture #9 - Policy implementation
Outcomes → specified results on the basis of goals
Impacts → (un)intended consequences of policy on society
Implementation is the transformation of output into outcomes
Formulating outcomes
- Specification of program details - How & by who?
- Allocation of resources - budget & personnel
- Decisions - how specific cases carried out
* Mainly analysed form 1970s, the effectiveness of large scale programs
1. Top-down approach
Decision making by central gov. (Pressman & Wildavsky)
Rationalistic approach, goal attainment = implementation success
Need for bureaucracy, many levels of management
BUT
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller arose. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $7.60. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.