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Lecture 1
Geminoid A geminoid is a robot built to look exactly like an existing person and
teleoperated by a human in a so-called Wizard of Oz fashion.
1 big advantage of robots over humans Robots do not judge people based on appearance and
in educati on: treats everyone the same
Key aspects of a robot to be bett er Proxemics
integrated into human society: o physical and psychological distancing from others
They must not only act in humanlike ways but also be able to
perceive and understand human behavior
posture and gesture
o Are important means by which robots can convey and
detect emotions
The uncanny valley A relationship was proposed between the human likeness of robots and
feelings of comfort with them. A positive relationship was proposed, but it
had a steep dip in comfort when robots looked almost but not perfectly
human
The second self robots prompt questions about what it is to be human and how we
Turkle differ from robots
This lets us take a closer look of what we human really are and
therefore it reflects back on us.
The media equati on people mindlessly apply social rules to computers
People use stereotypical social categories
o gender, ethnicity, and in-group and out-group status
overlearned social behaviors
o politeness
People do not tend to offend a researcher if he/she asks about its
performance.
o Similarly people react to a computer
Anthropomorphism refers to our tendency to see humanlike characteristics, emotions,
and motivations in nonhuman entities such as animals, gods, and
objects.
o For example, robots that have a greater number of facial
features (nose, mouth, eyes, etc.) are perceived as more
humanlike than those with fewer facial features
The tendency of humans to anthropomorphize objects can be
explained by the fact that being human is the thing we know best.
o Being human forms our frame of reference.
Mind percepti on capacity for agency (= verantwoordiging)
o the capacity of individuals to act independently and to
make their own free choices
capacity for experience
o The capacity of feeling emotions and needs like fear,
hunger, joy, rage, desire, personality, consciousness
An adult human was perceived as having the most agency and experience,
a baby was perceived to have high experience but no agency, and God was
perceived to have high agency but no experience.
Physical Embodiment People tend to form a closer therapeutic alliance with robots than with
, computers and tend to be more compliant with the instructions of robots.
Robots outperforming Humans people may prefer relationships with robots that are programmed to
always be social, smart, and loyal over relationships with unpredictable
humans who do not always behave as desired and get upset when we
behave badly. Ethicists even argue that the creation of such beings may
lead to the breakdown of society because people will prefer to interact
with robots rather than each other
Lecture 2 - Robotics and AI
Robots Branch of electro-mechanical engineering
It is surprisingly difficult to get experts to agree exactly what constitutes a "robot."
Robots are programmable machines which are usually able to carry out a series of
actions autonomously, or semi-autonomously.
1. Robots interact with the physical world via sensors and actuators.
2. Robots are programmable.
3. Robots are usually autonomous or semi-autonomous.
Diff erences You can have one without the other
Robots interact with the physical world
o with sensors and actuators
AI algorithms can tackle learning, perception, problem solving, language processing
and/or logical reasoning
o without sensors or actuators
Arti fi cial intelligence A branch of computer science.
It involves developing computer programs to complete tasks which would otherwise
require human intelligence.
o If you use AI in a robot, you talk about artificially intelligent robots (usually the
case – but it does not have to be!)
o AI programs mimic some level of human intelligence.
o AI algorithms can tackle learning, perception, problem-solving, language-
understanding and/or logical reasoning.
Non-Arti fi cially You can program a robot to pick up an object and place it elsewhere. The robot will then
Intelligent robot: continue to pick and place objects in exactly the same way until you turn it off. This is an
autonomous function because the robot does not require any human input after it has been
programmed. However, the task does not require any intelligence.
Arti fi cially Intelligent You could extend the capabilities of the robot by using AI. Imagine you wanted to add a camera
robot: to your robot. Robot vision comes under the category of "perception" and usually requires AI
algorithms. For example, say you wanted the robot to detect the object it was picking up and
place it in a different location depending on the type of object. This would involve training a
specialized vision program to recognize the different types of object.
Turing imitation game
o it won’t matter if computers have a consciousness or not, all that matters is
what people think of them.
Thus, AI is a rhetorical device to influence human perception
Turing test
o An experiment conducted by Alan Turing (1950), to pass the test, a machine
has to replace a real human in an chat conversation without a judge noticing
something is off
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