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Samenvatting Psychodiagnostiek - pedagogische wetenschappen
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PSYCHODIAGNOSTIEKSamenvatting
HANNE BOONS
PEDAGOGISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN 2E BACHELOR
,Inhoud
Thema 1: Introductie in de psychodiagnostiek.......................................................................................7
Hoofdstuk 1: Wat is psychodiagnostiek?............................................................................................7
1. Wat roept de term psychodiagnostiek op?.........................................................................................7
2. Gangbare defnities:............................................................................................................................7
3. De psychologische test.......................................................................................................................8
Hoofdstuk 2: Waarom hebben we psychodiagnostiek nodig?............................................................8
1. Belang van systematiek in assessment...............................................................................................9
1.1. Welke cognitieve mechanismen zijn onderliggend aan dit onkritisch oordelen en irrationeel
beslissen?...........................................................................................................................................9
1.1.1. Bias.......................................................................................................................................9
1.1.2. Heuristieken........................................................................................................................10
1.1.3. Conclusie: bias & heuristiek in assessment.........................................................................10
2. Rol van diagnostiek in het psychologisch/pedagogisch werkveld.....................................................10
2.1. Psychologencommissie..............................................................................................................10
2.2. Hoge Gezondheidsraad..............................................................................................................10
Thema 2: Psychodiagnostiek in een breder kader................................................................................10
Hoofdstuk 1: Historiek......................................................................................................................10
1. oorsprong term psychodiagnostiek..................................................................................................11
1. Voorlopers........................................................................................................................................11
1.1. Oud testament...........................................................................................................................11
1.2. Chinese Oudheid........................................................................................................................11
1.3. Oude Grieken.............................................................................................................................12
1.4. Middeleeuwen en nieuwere tijd................................................................................................12
1.4.1. Middeleeuwen....................................................................................................................12
1.4.2. Nieuwere tijd......................................................................................................................12
1.4.3. Begin 20e eeuw...................................................................................................................13
2. Ontwikkeling van het testen.............................................................................................................13
2.1. Periode 1: 19e eeuw (aanloop)...................................................................................................13
2.1.1. Stimulansen vanuit de psychiatrie......................................................................................13
2.1.2. Stimulansen vanuit de genetica..........................................................................................14
2.1.3. Stimulansen vanuit de experimentele psychologie.............................................................14
2.1.4. Kenmerken van de periode.................................................................................................15
2.2. Periode 2: 1905-1914 (Binet-Simon test)...................................................................................15
2.2.1. Intelligentietesten...............................................................................................................15
2.2.2. Psychometrische proeven...................................................................................................17
2.3. Periode 3: 1914-1945................................................................................................................18
1
, 2.3.1. Intelligentietesten...............................................................................................................18
2.3.2. Vooruitgang op vlak van individuele testdiagnostiek van intelligentietesten.....................18
2.3.3. Psychotechnische proeven.................................................................................................19
2.3.4. Persoonlijkheidsvragenlijsten.............................................................................................20
2.3.5. Projectietesten....................................................................................................................21
2.4. Periode 4: 1945-heden..............................................................................................................22
2.4.1. Intelligentietesten...............................................................................................................22
Hoofdstuk 2: Constructie en classificatie van psychodiagnostische testen......................................22
1. Classificatie van testen.....................................................................................................................23
1.1. Classificatie volgens instructie en afneming..............................................................................23
1.1.1. Individuele tests vs. groepstests.........................................................................................23
1.1.2. Snelheidstests vs. niveautests.............................................................................................23
1.2. Classificatie volgens de aard van de testvragen.........................................................................24
1.2.1. Cultuurvrij of niet?..............................................................................................................24
1.2.2. Directe versus indirecte tests..............................................................................................24
1.2.3. Tests met vrije antwoorden versus keuzeantwoorden.......................................................24
1.3. Classificatie volgens testgedrag.................................................................................................25
1.3.1. Tests voor prestatieniveau..................................................................................................25
1.3.2. Tests voor gedragswijze......................................................................................................27
2. Testontwikkeling...............................................................................................................................28
2.1. Testbestek.................................................................................................................................28
2.1.1. Omschrijving te meten construct........................................................................................28
2.1.2. omschrijving gepland gebruik.............................................................................................29
2.1.3. Omschrijving van vorm.......................................................................................................29
2.1.4. Omschrijving van testlengte...............................................................................................29
2.1.5. Omschrijving psychometrische benadering........................................................................30
2.1.6. Omschrijving van score.......................................................................................................30
2.1.7. Omschrijving van testafname.............................................................................................30
2.1.8. Verfijnen van testomschrijvingen.......................................................................................30
2.1.9. Adaptief testen...................................................................................................................30
2.2. Itemontwikkeling en –beoordeling............................................................................................31
2.2.1. Ontwikkeling van items.......................................................................................................31
2.2.2. Beoordeling van items........................................................................................................31
2.2.3. Pilootstudie.........................................................................................................................31
2.2.4. Veldstudie...........................................................................................................................31
2.3. Samenstellen en evalueren van testvormen..............................................................................31
2.4. Ontwikkelen van procedures en materiaal voor afname en scoring..........................................32
2.5. Testrevisie..................................................................................................................................32
2
, Hoofdstuk 3: De psychologische test in het psychodiagnostisch proces..........................................32
1. Van individuele test naar diagnostische cyclus.................................................................................32
2. Het psychodiagnostisch proces.........................................................................................................34
2.1. Verschillende actoren................................................................................................................34
2.1.1. Psychodiagnosticus.............................................................................................................34
2.1.2. Opdrachtgever....................................................................................................................34
2.1.3. Cliënt...................................................................................................................................34
2.1.4. Wetenschappelijk forum.....................................................................................................34
2.2. Het psychodiagnostisch proces volgens de empirische cyclus...................................................34
2.2.1. Observatie: aanvraag/hulpvraag.........................................................................................35
2.2.2. Vraagstelling/hypothese.....................................................................................................35
2.2.3. Toetsbare voorspelling.......................................................................................................36
2.2.4. Toetsing: afname en scoring testen....................................................................................36
2.2.5. Evaluatie.............................................................................................................................36
2.2.6. Specifiekere versies/modellen van diagnostische processen.............................................36
3. Het psychodiagnostosch rapport......................................................................................................37
3.1. Waarom rapporteren?...............................................................................................................37
3.2. Wat rapporteren?......................................................................................................................37
3.3. Hoe rapporteren?......................................................................................................................37
3.4. Valkuilen van rapporteren.........................................................................................................38
4. Casus - oefening................................................................................................................................38
Thema 3: Diagnostiek van intelligentie & persoonlijkheid....................................................................39
Hoofdstuk 1: Psychometrische theorieën rond intelligentie............................................................39
1. Wat zijn psychometrische modellen?...............................................................................................39
2. Algemene intelligentie – unidimensionele benadering....................................................................39
2.1. Algemene intelligentie ‘g’..........................................................................................................39
2.2. G-factor:.....................................................................................................................................40
2.3. Bedenkingen bij ‘g’....................................................................................................................40
3. Cattell-horn-carroll (chc) model........................................................................................................40
3.1. Het CHC-model..........................................................................................................................40
3.2. Ontstaan?..................................................................................................................................41
3.3. Evidentie?..................................................................................................................................42
3.4. Brede cognitieve vaardigheden.................................................................................................42
3.4.1. Vloeiende intelligentie (Gf).................................................................................................42
3.4.2. Gekristalliseerde intelligentie (Gc)......................................................................................42
3.4.3. Kortetermijngeheugen (Gsm).............................................................................................43
3.4.4. Langetermijngeheugen (Glr)...............................................................................................43
3.4.5. Visuele informatieverwerking (Gv).....................................................................................43
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