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Samenvatting Kwalitatieve methode - pedagogische wetenschappen
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KWALITATIEVEMETHODEN IN
2019-2020
PEDAGOGISCH
ONDERZOEK
Hanne Boons
2E BACH PEDAGOGISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN
,Inhoud
1 Wat is kwalitatief onderzoek?.............................................................................................................4
1.1 De kwantitatieve methode van het positivisme...........................................................................4
1.2 Wat met kwalitatief onderzoek?..................................................................................................5
1.2.1 Modellen................................................................................................................................5
1.2.2 Kwalitatief onderzoek situeren..............................................................................................6
1.2.3 10 specifieke kenmerken van kwalitatief onderzoek.............................................................6
1.2.4 4 algemene “horizontals” in kwalitatief onderzoek...............................................................8
1.2.5 Samenvatting.........................................................................................................................8
2 Conceptueel kader...............................................................................................................................9
2.1 micro/macro context..................................................................................................................11
2.1.1 Macrocontext......................................................................................................................11
2.1.2 microcontext........................................................................................................................12
2.1.3 Context: het situeren van de studie.....................................................................................13
2.1.4 Context: de setting van je studie..........................................................................................13
2.2 Doelen & onderzoeker................................................................................................................13
2.2.1 Kritische app studies............................................................................................................14
2.3 Onderzoeksfenomeen................................................................................................................15
2.3.1 Onderzoeksfenomeen.........................................................................................................15
2.4 Theoretisch kader.......................................................................................................................19
2.4.1 De rol van theorie in kwalitatief onderzoek.........................................................................20
2.4.2 Theoretisch kader................................................................................................................20
2.4.3 Vier heuristische dimensies.................................................................................................21
2.4.4 Theoretisch kader speelt een rol in......................................................................................23
2.5 Reflexiviteit en dialoog...............................................................................................................23
2.5.1 Hoe een conceptueel kader opbouwen?.............................................................................23
2.6 Tot slot........................................................................................................................................24
3 Onderzoeksdesign en vraagstelling...................................................................................................24
3.1 Onderdelen van een critical research design..............................................................................25
3.1.1 Doelen en rationales............................................................................................................27
3.1.2 Onderzoeksvragen...............................................................................................................29
3.1.3 (Testen van) methodes........................................................................................................37
4 Onderzoeksbenaderingen.................................................................................................................39
4.1 Onderzoeksbenadering?.............................................................................................................40
4.2 Vijf onderzoeksbenaderingen.....................................................................................................41
1
, 4.2.1 De narratieve onderzoeksbenadering..................................................................................41
4.2.2 Fenomenologie....................................................................................................................46
4.2.3 Grounded theory.................................................................................................................51
4.2.4 Etnografie............................................................................................................................57
4.2.5 Case study............................................................................................................................62
4.2.6 De verschillende benaderingen vergeleken.........................................................................66
5 Dataverzameling, deel 1....................................................................................................................67
5.1 Over dataverzameling.................................................................................................................67
5.1.1 Dataverzameling en critical research design........................................................................68
5.1.2 Dataverzamelingsplan..........................................................................................................68
5.1.3 Veldwerk- en dataverzamelingsmemo’s..............................................................................69
5.1.4 Researcher interviews.........................................................................................................71
5.1.5 Site en participant selection................................................................................................72
5.1.6 Selectie van setting(s)..........................................................................................................72
5.1.7 Selectie van participanten...................................................................................................73
5.1.8 Eenheid van analyse............................................................................................................76
5.1.9 Hoe participanten vinden en overtuigen?...........................................................................76
6 Dataverzameling, deel 2....................................................................................................................77
6.1 Methodes van dataverzameling.................................................................................................77
6.1.1 Interviews............................................................................................................................78
6.1.2 Observaties/field notes........................................................................................................84
6.1.3 Focusgroepen......................................................................................................................90
6.1.4 Documenten........................................................................................................................93
6.1.5 Survey..................................................................................................................................94
6.1.6 Participatorische methoden................................................................................................94
7 Ethiek.................................................................................................................................................97
7.1.1 Relationele ethiek................................................................................................................99
7.1.2 waarom Formele richtlijnen voor ethisch handelen binnen onderzoek (IRB & commissies,
gedragscode)?............................................................................................................................101
7.1.3 Sociale wetenschappen en menswetenschappen: is er wel een probleem?.....................101
7.1.4 Ethische commissies..........................................................................................................102
7.1.5 Conclusie............................................................................................................................107
8 Data-analyse....................................................................................................................................107
8.1 Een integratieve benadering.....................................................................................................109
8.1.1 Data-analyse......................................................................................................................109
8.1.2 Wat is kwalitatief data-analyse?........................................................................................109
2
, 8.1.3 Hoe QDA kritisch benaderen?............................................................................................110
8.1.4 Analyse vs interpretatie.....................................................................................................110
8.1.5 Processen van QDA: hoe je data beginnen te begrijpen? (“making sense of”)..................111
8.1.6 Een integratieve benadering tov QDA...............................................................................112
8.1.7 Een integratieve benadering tov QDA die criticality nastreeft...........................................112
8.1.8 Iteratief en recursief..........................................................................................................112
8.1.9 Summatief en formatief.....................................................................................................113
8.1.10 Analytische triangulatie...................................................................................................113
8.1.11 Erkennen van, en omgaan met, interpretatieve autoriteit..............................................113
8.1.12 Op zoek naar alternatieve perspectieven........................................................................114
8.1.13 Besluit..............................................................................................................................114
8.2 Methoden en processen van data-analyse...............................................................................114
8.2.1 Data-analyse: een proces gestoeld op drie poten..............................................................114
9 Transcriberen...................................................................................................................................118
9.1 Wat is transcriberen?................................................................................................................118
9.2 Wat komt in transcripts............................................................................................................119
9.3 Praktische tips...........................................................................................................................120
10 Kwaliteit/validiteit.........................................................................................................................120
10.1 Waarde, doel, proces..............................................................................................................121
10.2 Criteria voor kwaliteit.............................................................................................................121
10.3 Types validiteit (>DA!).............................................................................................................122
10.4 Strategieën.............................................................................................................................122
11 Besluit – epiloog............................................................................................................................123
11.1 4 “horizontals”........................................................................................................................123
11.1.1 Criticality..........................................................................................................................123
11.1.2 Reflexiviteit......................................................................................................................123
11.1.3 Collaboratie.....................................................................................................................123
11.1.4 Rigoureus.........................................................................................................................123
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