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International and global communication articles
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Propaganda article week 2- Today, people comprehend, interpret, and create many different types of media texts
in daily life. Although reading a novel, listening to a podcast, and watching a video
are different social, cultural, and cognitive practices, they are all forms of reading that
involve decoding, comprehension, interpretation, and analysis
- Literacy strategies, including close reading and guided reading strategies, have been
applied to listening to podcasts, viewing videos, and playing video games
(Kozdras, Joseph, & Schneider, 2015). As more researchers examine the distinctive
social practices of dig-ital literacy, calls for increased consensus are emerging in the
definitions of relevant concepts and terms in this increasingly complex field
- the study of persuasion, propaganda, and advertising has become increasingly
uncommon in many U.S. public schools
- Many forms of popular culture and mass media are considered inappropriate for
critical analytic activities in the classroom (Moore, 2013) even though students
bring substantial funds of knowledge from these texts into the school (Marsh,
2006). When students create videos to demonstrate their learning, educational
leaders tend to perceive these activities as less valuable than other instructional
strategies (Smythe, Toohey, & Dagenais, 2016). Even certain types of literature, such as
romances, vampire stories, sports, horror, dystopian fiction, and fantasy, are marginalized
by schools
- Although the concept of algorithmic personalization was first popularized in 2011 by
Pariser, who described it as a filter bubble, public awareness grew significantly after the
U.S. presidential election in 2016, when public concerns about propaganda,
disinformation, and fake news were running high. At that time, several professional
educational organizations responsible for teaching writing, composition, and speech
reaffirmed their commitment to teaching the responsible use of language as a form
of social power
- As data harvesting and surveillance become a more ubiquitous aspect of our
everyday use of the inter-net, algorithmic personalization can be conceptually
understood as a new type of manipulation with both potentially beneficial and
harmful effects
- Today, algorithmic personalization is present nearly every time users use the
internet, shaping the offerings displayed for information, entertainment, and persua-
sion.
- Three routine and common types of algorithmic personalization that people
experience in everyday life are filtered search results, targeted advertising, and
differential pricing
, - Digital platforms are carefully designed to be sticky, to keep people using digital
devices for as long as possible
- It has been argued that algorithmic personalization is a mutual process in which both
the user and the algorithm have the power to influence the other
- Algorithms may lead to greater insights into the world as predictive mod-eling and other
data-driven approaches to problem solv-ing expand. At the same time, the experts
acknowledged potential risks and harms, noting that human agency may be threatened if
the algorithms used to manipulate human decision-making processes are not
transparent. Even those who create algorithms cannot fully understand the machine-
learning mechanisms by which the decisions are reached
- the term propaganda is now used to describe many forms of expression and
communication designed to manipulate public opin-ion by activating strong emotions,
simplifying ideas and information, attacking opponents, and responding to the deepest
hopes, fears, and dreams of the target audience
- Today, propaganda is taking new forms that require particular vigilance among
members of the literacy and education research community. The term computational
propaganda has recently emerged to describe the varieties of propaganda that now
circulate on digital networks, including bots that artificially amplify messages to make
it appear that certain views are widely shared
- In other fields, some groundwork has been laid. For exam-ple, in the field of
psychology, researchers have found that misleading headlines can affect how readers
interpret both news and editorial content (Ecker, Lewandowsky, Chang, & Pillai,
2014). In reading news stories, the presence of a misleading headline weakened readers’
ability to recall the article’s details. Readers also found information easier to remember
when it aligned with the framing pro-vided by the headline. In opinion articles, a
misleading headline significantly impaired readers’ inference making
- Personalized digital learning has been found to be effective in some learning
contexts. For example, using a mix of face-to-face and online learning experiences
with preservice teachers enables more active approaches to learning and may allow
instructors to adjust to the needs of a variety of learners
- by interacting with friends and family, people release hundreds of megabytes of data
to digital platforms with little understanding of how it will be used to per-suade
and manipulate them.
- Every day, students are swimming in a sea filled with advertising and promotion that
offer them compelling visions of a consumer culture that is targeted just for them.
- Similarly, as learners get multiple, sustained opportunities to examine, analyze, and
practice the art of persuasion, they gain power in using language and communication
to effect change in the social realm
Why do conspiracy theories flourish? Because the truth is too hard to handle
By Snowden week 3
- People need to explain to themselves their immiseration, their disenfranchisement, their
lack of power. Conspiracies do that
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