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Summary IEB Chemie G: Organiese Chemie $5.07   Add to cart

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Summary IEB Chemie G: Organiese Chemie

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Hierdie dokument is deur 'n Fisiese Wetenskappe onderwyser opgestel vir klasgee doeleindes. Dit volg die IEB se SAGs en brei op dit uit.

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  • November 17, 2021
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  • 2018/2019
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IEB
Chemie


G: Organiese Chemie

1. Organiese molekulêre struktuure – funksionele groepe, versadigde en
onversadigde strukture

Koolstofbindings kom in baie vorme voor. Ons kan hierdie vorme in groepe/families saam
groepeer – Homoloë reekse – Dit is ’n reeks van soortgelyke verbindings wat dieselfde
funksionele groep het en dieselfde algemene formule, waarin elke lid verskil van die vorige
lid met ’n enkele CH2 eenheid

’n Funksionele groep is ’n atoom of groep atome wat die middelpunt vorm van chemiese
aktiwiteit in die molekule

Koolwaterstowwe is die verbindings wat slegs koolstof en waterstofbindings bevat.


Ons kry verskillende homoloë reekse:

- Alkane
- Alkene
- Alkyne
- Haloalkane
- Alkohole
- Karboksielsure
- Esters

Wanneer daar slegs enkelbindings tussen koolstowwe is, noem ons die verbinding ’n
VERSADIGDE VERBINDING, want daar is geen dubbel- of trippelbindings wat gebreek kan
word nie. (alkane)

Sodra daar dubbel- of trippelbindings tussen die koolstowwe is, dan is dit ONVERSADIGDE
VERBINDINGS, dus kan die dubbel of trippelbindings gebreek word. (alkene & alkyne)

Isomere is verbindings wat dieselfde molekulêre formule het maar verskillende
struktuurformules

3 verskillende tipes struktuurisomere

- Ketting-isomere: Verskillende kettings
- Posisionele isomere: Verskillende posisies van die funksionele groepe

, - Funksionele isomere: Verskillende funksionele groepe

Om die kettings van organiese molekules te benoem, word sekere benamings gebruik:

Stamnaam:
- 1C = met-
- 2C = et-
- 3C = prop-
- 4C = but-
- 5C = pent-
- 6C = heks-
- 7C = hept-
- 8C = okt-

Agtervoegsel:
- Alkane = -aan
- Alkene = -een
- Alkohole = -ol
- Karboksielsuur = -oësuur
- Esters = -iel...-oaat
- Aldehiede = -aal
- Ketone = -oon

Voorvoegsels:
- Haloalkane = X- (Bromo-, Jodo-, Fluoro-, Chloro-)
- 1 = mono-
- 2 = di-
- 3 = tri-
- 4 = tetra-
- 5 = penta-



Wanneer ’n ekstra syketting bykom, vorm dit ’n ALKIEL-GROEP:

- 1C = metiel
- 2C = etiel


Hoe benoem ons dan nou struktuurformules??????

1. Jy begin deur die langste ketting van koolstowwe te soek.
2. As twee kettings dieselfde lengte is, dan kies jy die een met die meeste vertakkings
3. Jy begin dan die koolstowwe nommer vanaf die koolstof met die naaste vertakking
(die vertakking moet die laagste nommer hê)
4. In jou benoeming, kom die vertakkings vooraan die naam en die nommer waarop die
vertakking val, kom vooraan die naam.

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