Notes summarizing all of Persuasive Communication module at International School of Business (ISB), HAN University of Applied Sciences. Very useful for exam prep!
Brain and Behavior
(1) Conditioning
Classical conditioning
Creating connections through association arisen through repetition
Learning: relatively permanent change in behavior as a consequence of experience
Unconditioned: already an existing connection
Conditioned: attempt to bind something new to the existing connection
Stimulus Response
Unconditioned Bone Salivation Unconditioned
stimulus response
Bone + Bell Salivation
Conditioned Bell Salivation Conditioned
stimulus response
Generalization example: bad association
Discrimination example: differentiate bell tone
Law of EMOTIONAL life
Operant conditioning
The learning process in which a response in a certain context is followed by a reinforcement or
a punishment
Features:
- Learning through trial & error
- Voluntary
- It’s about the EFFECTS of a certain behavior
Examples:
Add stimulus Remove stimulus
Reinforcement Give chocolate Stop loud noise
Punishment Electric shock Take away toy
(2)
Other ways of learning
Mere exposure
- Leads to the forming of attitudes;
+ More exposure = More like
+ Familiar > Unfamiliar
- Wear in/out:
+ Wear in: only after certain minimum of exposures, effect wears in
+ Wear out: after certain number of exposures, effect wears out
, Social/Observational learning
Observe actions & behaviors of another person + consequences and effects
=> Guide own future actions and behaviors
Example: Bobodoll experiment, children see children do
When do we copy:
- Effect of behavior is clear
- Status of role model (parents, teachers, celebs, friends,...)
- Awareness (only acknowledged behavior can be copied)
- Retention (behavior must be memorized)
- Motoric reproduction (able to conduct behavior)
Mirror neurons: Observe = Same neurons light up
Psycho-motoric learning: requires observing & instruction + practicing
Cognitive learning: Learning aimed at obtaining knowledge and insights
Reference groups
Individuals or groups that influence our opinions, beliefs, attitudes and behaviors
Types:
- Normative/Comparative (direct/indirect)
- Associative/Dissociative (part of/not part of)
- Factual/Symbolical (“footballers”/”hipsters”, “goths”)
- Formal/Informal (ex: professional/casual club)
Influence:
- Informational (ex: reaction to online reviews)
- Utilitarian (avoid punishment or gain reward)
- Value expressive
Product visible to outside world Product invisible to outside
world
Luxury product Expensive watch Expensive coffee
- Influence on buying: big - Influence on buying: big
- Brand choice: big - Brand choice: small
Necessity product Warm clothes Toilet paper
- Influence to buying: big - Influence on buying: small
- Brand choice: smaller - Brand choice: small
Application:
- Celebrity (comparative, symbolical & value expressive)
- Everyman (normative, associative)
- Expert (informational)
* Combination possible
(3) Perception & Attitude
Perception
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