100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
Summary Grade 9 Summaries: History: All Term 4 work $7.14   Add to cart

Summary

Summary Grade 9 Summaries: History: All Term 4 work

 653 views  4 purchases
  • Course
  • Institution

This is a summary of all the work that was covered in term 4

Preview 2 out of 8  pages

  • November 18, 2021
  • 8
  • 2021/2022
  • Summary
  • 200
avatar-seller
1960: The Sharpeville Massacre:
Unit 1: Formation of the PAC
 In the 1950’s, people continued to resist apartheid, but still without violence
 Protests were met with repression - banning, arrests, stricter laws and police violence
 ‘Africanist’ members of the ANC decided to break away, and on 6 April 1959, the Pan-
Africanist Congress (PAC) was formed
 Robert Sobukwe was the 1st president of the PAC
 This organisation believed that the struggle against apartheid was an African struggle
 They didn’t want to work with organisations which weren’t African
 They especially didn’t want to work with white organisations like the Congress of
Democrats
 The PAC wasn’t racist, but believed that white people had too much to lose to be reliable
allies
 The PAC colours were, like the ANC’s, black, green and yellow - green symbolised the
youth and vitality of the continent of Africa, yellow the wealth and black the colour of its
people
Unit 2: Causes and Leaders of the Sharpeville Massacre
The causes of the events leading to the Sharpeville Massacre
 In 1958, nearly one and a half million Africans were being convicted under the pass laws
every year
 Officially, the pass was called a ‘reference book’
 It was commonly called the dompas - the Afrikaans word for ‘stupid pass’
 The pass book was meant to show that Africans were temporary travellers in ‘white South
Africa’
 The pass had to be carried at all ties and every black person had to produce it instantly on
the demand of a policeman
 If a black adult didn’t have the pass available, they were instantly arrested, prosecuted
and fined or jailed
Leaders of the anti-pass demonstrations on 21 March 1960
 In 1960, 2 of the political organisations resisting apartheid, the ANC and PAC, organised
the anti-pass campaign
 The PAC organised a demonstration on Monday, 21 March 1960
 The PAC believed in taking ‘positive action’ against pass laws
 They planned to lead large crowds of people to the local police stations
 Men and women would leave their passes at home and demand arrest
 This would make the system unable to operate, as mass arrests would clog up the courts
and jails with thousands of people
 This is passive protests
Unit 3: Events of the Sharpeville Massacre on 21 March 1960
 On 21 March 1960, a large crowd gathered outside the Sharpeville police station
 They demanded to hand in their passes and to be arrested
 The police opened fire on the crowd and at the end of the day, 69 people were killed and
180 were wounded
 Most of those killed had been shot in the back as they tried to flee
Unit 4: Causes, Leaders and Events of the Langa March
 Philip Kgosana was a PAC member from Pretoria
 He was a student at the University of Capet Town in 1959
 There weren’t any boarding facilities for black students on the campus
 He went to look for accommodation in Langa where he met local PAC members who
shared his political views
 He failed his first year at university but continued his political activity in Langa
 After the Sharpeville Massacre on 21 March, tensions were mounting in the Cape Town
African townships of Nyanga and Langa
 An African Workers’ strike brought Cape Town industry to a standstill
 Many PAC and ANC leaders were arrested
 The police attempted to bring the strike to an end by breaking into houses in the
townships, beating people, and shooting at those who tried to escape
 In response to this brutality, a Cape Town march was organised
 Philip Kgosana was 23 when he led a peaceful march of 30 000 people from Langa to the
centre of Cape Town on 30 March

,  In Cape Town, he met with the apartheid police chief
 Eye-witnesses said that the crowd was well-controlled an peaceful
 They march in total silences
 The police chief promised to set up a meeting with Kgosana and the Minister of Justice, on
condition that the marches returned home
 Philip Kgosana convinced the crowd to walk home
 When he arrived at the meeting with the Minister of Justice, he was arrested
 At the end of 1960, while Kgosana was awaiting trial, he was allowed out on temporary bail
to go visit his family for Christmas
 He used this as an opportunity to flee the country and began a life of exile
Unit 5.1: Short-term consequences
 The Sharpeville Massacre and the Langa March of 1960 were to become a turning point in
the history of apartheid
 Repression in apartheid South Africa increased
 The government declared a State of Emergency to crack down on its opponents
 It then hurriedly passed a new law called the Unlawful Organisations Act
 This law banned the 2 main resistance organisations - the ANC and the PAC
 Resistance to apartheid changed from passive resistance to violent resistance
 Many people began to feel it was useless for the ANC and the PAC to continue using non-
violence against a government that responded by attacking unarmed people
 The ANC and PAC both formed armed wings, and continued their work underground and
illegally
 Some members of the ANC and PAC left the country, to continue the struggle in exile
 The armed movement in the ANC was known as the Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) or the
‘Spear of the Nation’ and was led by Nelson Mandela
 Between 1961 and 1963, MK attacked over 200 non-human targets throughout South
Africa
 The targets included government buildings and other property, like electric pylons
 Care was taken not to cause loss of life, but in the Eastern Cape some people who were
co-operating with the Bantustan leaders in the Transkei, were killed
 Robert Sobukwe, the leaders of the PAC was arrested after Sharpeville, and given a three-
year jail sentence
 The PAC formed an armed wing called Poqo
 It embarked on a violent sabotage campaign
 Unlike MK, Poqo made no effort to avoid loss of lives
 Most of the PAC leaders were arrested and jailed, while others went into exile
 Poqo members were soon rounded up
 Many were put on Robben Island, while others were executed by hanging
 International pressure against apartheid increased
 Newspapers all over the world reported the Sharpeville Massacre which publicised the
brutal nature of the apartheid system
 A nationwide month of boycotting South African goods was arranged in 1960, in protest
against the policies of apartheid
 Thousands gathered at Trafalgar Square to start the boycott and condemn the racial
discrimination
 Some banners read “Apartheid is Fascism” and “Apartheid is murder”
Unit 5.2: Longer-term consequences
The General Law Amendment Act 1963
 The apartheid government introduced the General Law Amendment Act of 1963 which
allowed the police to detain people for 90 days without charging them and without
allowing them to access a lawyer
 At the end of that period, the police could re-arrest and re-detain for a further 90 days
 Detainees were often held in solitary confinement
The arrest of MK leaders 1963
 The secret headquarters of MK were at a farm called Lilliesleaf, in a Johannesburg suburb
called Rivonia
 The leadership of MK used a house on the farm as a hiding place and as shelter
 They also attended meetings here, and debated the political and military policy and tactics
 In June 1963, the Lilliesleaf Farm was raided by police
 Some of the leaders of MK who were at the farm, were arrested

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller caitlinnorie. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for $7.14. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

62890 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now

Start selling
$7.14  4x  sold
  • (0)
  Add to cart