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Summary EUROPEAN INTEGRATION 1949 to 2007
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OVERVIEW AND STUDY NOTES ON EUROPEAN INTEGRATION FROM 1949 to 2007
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EUROPEAN INTEGRATION 1948-2007[levels of government - continental level]
governance : the use of institutions, structures of authority and collaboration to allocate
resources and coordinate or control activity in society or the economy
> transnational governance to consolidate peace & solidarity throughout a continent
devastated by 2 world wars + an ideological split (iron curtain)
1946 Churchill’s Zurich speech: « United States of Europe »
1948 : OEEC (Organisation for European Economic Cooperation) to use Marshall Plan $
The Hague Congress of Europe gathering all proponents of “pan europeanism” &
associations supporting the european project.
Belgium joins the treaty of Dunkirk (mutual assistance treaty Fr/Br) which becomes
the Brussels Treaty then NATO in 1949
failure of ‘Pleven plan’ to create a European army : Europe depends on NATO (>the US)
1949 : creation of the ‘Council of Europe’ (COF) to create a new “European culture” (arts &
education; fundamental human rights; attachment to democracy & law).
> no real power, ridiculed by the british
1951 : ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community), initiative of R.Schuman & J.Monnet
France, Germany, Italy, Benelux = common market of coal and steel => none of the
members could make weapons of war on its own to turn against each other. cooperation and
peacetime economic growth (x3 trade of steel in 6 years).
Recovery of West Germany : Adenauer created CDU (Christian Democratic Union). anti-
fascist, anti-communist, rooted in moral principles “centre-right” parties with mixed economy.
+ social-democracy. stability (against communism)
1954 : West Germany joins NATO
1957 : Treaty of Rome : abolition of tariffs, for free mvmt of goods/services/capital
+ supranational institutions : European commission in Brussels, Council of ministers,
Parliament in Strasbourg and European Court of Justice
+ EURATOM (European Atomic Energy Community)
= Europe of 6 (France, Italy, W.Germany, Benelux)
1962 : CAP (Common Agricultural Policy) EU agriculture to be a competitive in world market
1973 : Britain, Ireland and Denmark join
1975 : Lomé convention (Togo) to help former colonies : allows African countries to import
products into EEC with no tariffs + economic aid for development is promised
1979 : first direct elections for the European parliament : legitimacy, representation
Exchange rate mechanism for monetary stability
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