Summary: The Study of Language, ISBN: 9781108499453 Linguistics
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Course
Linguistics
Institution
Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen (RU)
Book
The Study of Language
This summary contains all the important information from chapter 1 through 6 of George Yule's book 'The Study of Language' (7th edition). The bold terms are also explained.
The Study of
Language
Summary CH 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11
Engelman, M.A. (Maud)
2-11-2021
,Content
1. The Origins of Language.....................................................................................................................4
The Divine Source...............................................................................................................................5
The Natural Sound Source..................................................................................................................5
The “Bow-Wow” Theory.................................................................................................................5
The “Pooh-Pooh” Theory................................................................................................................6
The Musical Source.............................................................................................................................6
The Social Interaction Source.............................................................................................................6
The Physical Adaptation Source.........................................................................................................6
Teeth and Lips.................................................................................................................................6
Mouth and Tongue.........................................................................................................................6
Larynx and Pharynx.........................................................................................................................7
The Tool-Making Source.....................................................................................................................7
The Human Brain............................................................................................................................7
The Genetic Source.............................................................................................................................7
The Innateness Hypothesis.............................................................................................................7
2. Animals and Human Language...........................................................................................................7
Communication..................................................................................................................................8
Properties of Human Language..........................................................................................................8
Displacement..................................................................................................................................8
Arbitrariness...................................................................................................................................8
Cultural Transmission.....................................................................................................................8
Productivity....................................................................................................................................9
Duality............................................................................................................................................9
Talking to Animals..............................................................................................................................9
Chimpanzees and Language...............................................................................................................9
Washoe...........................................................................................................................................9
Sarah and Lana...............................................................................................................................9
The Controversy.............................................................................................................................9
Kanzi.............................................................................................................................................10
Using Language.................................................................................................................................10
3. The Sounds of Language...................................................................................................................10
Phonetics..........................................................................................................................................10
Consonants.......................................................................................................................................11
Voiced and Voiceless Sounds............................................................................................................11
1
, Place of Articulation.........................................................................................................................11
Familiar Symbols...........................................................................................................................11
Unfamiliar Symbols.......................................................................................................................11
Transcribing Sounds (Not Letters)....................................................................................................11
Manner of Articulation.....................................................................................................................12
A Consonant Chart............................................................................................................................12
Glottal Stops and Flaps.................................................................................................................12
Vowels..............................................................................................................................................12
Diphthongs.......................................................................................................................................12
American and British Diphthongs.................................................................................................12
Subtle Individual Variation................................................................................................................12
4. The Sound Patterns of Language......................................................................................................13
Phonology.........................................................................................................................................13
Phonemes.........................................................................................................................................14
Natural Classes.............................................................................................................................14
Phonemes and Allophones...............................................................................................................14
Complementary Distribution........................................................................................................14
Minimal Pairs and Sets..................................................................................................................15
Phonotactics.....................................................................................................................................15
Syllables............................................................................................................................................15
Consonant Clusters.......................................................................................................................15
Coarticulation Effects........................................................................................................................15
Assimilation..................................................................................................................................15
Nasalization..................................................................................................................................15
Elision...........................................................................................................................................15
Normal speech..............................................................................................................................16
5. Word Formation...............................................................................................................................16
Neologisms.......................................................................................................................................16
Etymology.........................................................................................................................................17
Borrowing.........................................................................................................................................17
Loan-Translation...........................................................................................................................17
Compounding...................................................................................................................................17
Blending........................................................................................................................................17
Clipping.............................................................................................................................................17
Hypocorisms.................................................................................................................................17
Backformation..............................................................................................................................17
2
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