REVISION: GRADE 11 TRIG IDENTITIES AND REDUCTION FORMULAE
Identities
sin A
tan A = cos A
sin2 A + cos2 A = 1
Hence
sin2 A = 1 − cos2 A
and
cos2 A = 1 − sin2 A
180° rule and negative angles
sin( 180° − A) = sin A cos( 180° − A) = − cos A tan( 180° − A) = − tan A
sin( 180° + A) = − sin A cos( 180° + A) = − cos A tan( 180° + A) = tan A
sin( 360° − A) = − sin A cos( 360° − A) = cos A tan( 360° − A) = − tan A
sin( − A) = − sin A cos( − A) = cos A tan( − A) = − tan A
90° rule
sin( 90° − A) = cos A
cos( 90° − A) = sin A
Special angles
We use our knowledge of the standard graphs for sin, cos and tan of values like 0°, 90°,
180° and 360°, and the special triangles for reductions that lead to 30°, 45° and 60°.
1 1 √3
sin 0° = 0 sin 30° = sin 45° = sin 60° = sin 90° = 1 sin 180° = 0 sin 270 ° = −1 sin 360° = 0
2 √2 2
√3 1 1
cos 0° = 1 cos 30° = cos 45° = cos 60° = cos 90° = 0 cos 180° = −1 cos 270 ° = 0 cos 360° = 1
2 √2 2
1 √3 tan 90° is tan 270° is
tan 0° = 0 tan 30° = tan 45° = 1 tan 60° = tan 180° = 0 tan 360° = 0
√3 2 undefined undefined
1
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