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Chromosome organisation, Chapter 10
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Notes made from a lecture given by Jan Kooter. Red lines signify importance or have a high possibility of being on the exam.
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Chromosome organization and molecular structureEukaryotes: linear chromosomes
Genome: 1 set of chromosomes
Genomes always have proteins attached
Needs to be compact and stable
Junk DNA: non-functional DNA
Transposable element: DNA segments of which there are many copies in a genome because
they can amplify them
Autosomes: chromosome 1-22
Alternative splicing: sometimes not all exons are used and are removed
-20.000 Protein coding genes
-25.000 Non coding RNA genes: (rRNA and tRNA) (inactivated X chromosome in females)
-15.000 pseudogenes: non-functional DNA
Bacterial genome: single copy of circular DNA
Origin of replication: single point DNA gets copied from (humans have multiple)
Nucleoid: place of DNA separated from cytoplasm (not important)
Mitochondrial/chloroplast genome: single circular DNA, multiple copies
Inherit mitochondrial DNA from your mother
Viral genome: DNA or RNA, single or double-stranded, circular or linear
Reverse transcriptase: enzymes makes RNA -> DNA
Topoisomerase 1: relaxes negative supercoils
Topoisomerase 2: DNA gyrase, makes negative supercoils
Topoisomeres: structures of dna
Unstable
Negative supercoiling: looser
Positive supercoiling: tighter
Chromatin: DNA-protein complex
Centromeres: the center X shape, attach 2 chromosomes
Telomeres: at the end
Each cell division chromosome get shorter
Gene families: multiple copies of the same gene
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