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Summary IEB Grade 12 life science: genetic engineering
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Handwritten summary life science notes which corresponds with the IEB syllabus. Summary from the mind action series textbook.
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, Genetic engineeringmutations
new
species evolving due to natural
the
biotechnology is
playing an
increasing role in
altering genome
genetic engineering >
any
direct manipulation of an
organism's genes
biotechnology >
using scientific procedures to influence specific processes in
living organisms which will benefit humans or
improve the environment
genes may be turned off Ion , deleted ,
deactivated or inserted
Examples of proteins made by recombinant DNA tech
genetic engineering is the fastest growing branch of modern
genetics
very beneficial
there ethical and environmental issues but to be
is
proving
> are ,
Recombinant DNA technology
a
form of biotechnology that introduces new , beneficial genes
=
genetically modified organisms ( GMOs )
recombinant DNA > a
form of DNA that does not exist naturally but is created
by combining DNA
sequences that would not normally occur
together
genetically modified organisms > an
organism introduced with
foreign genes
that results in new and
useful traits
involves
finding a desirable
gene
and
moving it into the cell
by means
of a vector
vector > a virus (
bacteriophage) or
plasmid that transfers foreign genetic material into another cell
plasmid > circular , double stranded DNA molecule found in bacterial cells that are not part of the bacterial chromosomes
the new
organism will follow new
genes inserted instructions and make the protein for which the
gene codes
if the
genes are
placed into bacteria done copies would be produced =
large quantities of desirable proteins produced
manufacture of human insulin (all )
thanks to human
genome project
' '
human technology
biosynthetic insulin made via recombinant DNA
levels ( Usually Diabetics )
Insulin : hormone that lowers glucose sugar in blood would have too much
glucose in blood
process
mmmm
1. DNA
gene
that codes for insulin is removed from a
healthy human pancreatic cell
2. Restriction
enzymes cut specific sites to isolate insulin
coding gene
3. Escherichia (E coli ) found human plasmid removed cut ends )
coli .
in
digestive tract and cut via restriction
enzymes uneven =
sticky
4.
Enzyme ligase joins DNA pieces and insulin
coding gene
into bacterial plasmid = recombinant DNA
5. Plasmid & recombinant DNA vector and is inserted in host cell CE bacterium ) protein insulin (E. Gmo )
acts as re coli
reprogrammed to
produce coli
- - =
,
.
& nutrient valves
← optimum pH temperature
,
6. Bacteria kept in
huge tanks
contains nutrient mediums ( frementation broth ) reproduce rapidly each with new insulin
producing gene
= cloned which are
purified
'
of
'
Ligase enzyme > occurs naturally in nuclei of cell & acts as
genetic give
-
joining ends
of two single strands DNA
Cloning →
process of artificially reproducing a
gene, set of genes or a whole
organism
bases either
Sticky end →
exposed on sides on the
gene , cut
by an
enzyme that breaks
hydrogen
bonds
bonds
+ tetra cyclic
Advantages
mum human
resistance
gene (antibiotic
resistance)
produced rapidly in
large quantities Induced pluripotent stem (Ips )
heat shock
inserted •
so that the
via
ligase bacteria takes
✓ enzyme in the
inexpensive shocked to them plasmid
relatively cells are
change
few side into E. Neuro cells
effects as it is human insulin g-
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