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Summary Motivation and Emotion
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A summary of motivation and emotion from Ciccarelli and White's Psychology: An exploration.
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Intro to Psychotherapies
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Motivation and EmotionHow Do Psychologists Define Motivation, And What Are The Key Elements Of The
Early Instinct And Drive-Reduction Approaches To Motivation?
Motivation is the process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that
physical or psychological needs or wants are met.
Extrinsic motivation: external source of motivation
Intrinsic motivation: internal source of motivation
Instinct Approaches
Instinct approaches proposed that some human actions may be motivated by
instincts, innate patterns of behaviour found in both people and humans.
Drive-Reduction Approaches
Drive-reduction approaches state that when an organism has a need (such as
hunger), the need leads to psychological tension that motivates the organism to
act, fulfilling the need and reducing tension.
Primary drives involve the needs of the body.
Acquired (secondary) drives are those learnt through experience.
Homeostasis is the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state.
What Are The Characteristics Of The Three Types Of Needs?
Needs
The need for achievement (nAch) is a strong desire to succeed in getting to one’s
goals, both realistic and challenging.
The need for affiliation (nAff) is the desire to have friendly social interactions and
relationships with others and to be held in high regard by others.
, The need for power (nPow) concerns having control over others, influencing
them and having an impact on them. Status and prestige are important to people
high in this need.
Personality and nAch: Carol Dweck’s Self-Theory of Motivation
The need for achievement is a strong desire to succeed in getting to one’s goals,
both realistic and challenging.
Linked to whether locus of control is internal (self-driven) or external (driven by
outside factors).
Some students are driven by the need to “look smart” when they believe
intelligence is fixed and unchangeable.
Rather value the learning process than looking smart.
What Are The Key Elements Of The Arousal And Incentive Approaches To
Motivation?
Arousal approaches
A stimulus is an apparently unlearnt increase in stimulation.
In arousal theory, a person has an optimal level of arousal to maintain.
People who need more arousal than others are called sensation-seekers.
Incentive Approaches
In the incentive approach, an external stimulus may be so rewarding that it
motivates a person to act toward that stimulus rather than other stimulus or to
satisfy a drive.
Expectancy-value theories assume that actions cannot be predicted or fully
understood without understanding beliefs, values, and importance that people
attach to those beliefs and values at any given time.
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