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Summary Theory and Methods Revision grid for AQA A level sociology. $6.46
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Summary Theory and Methods Revision grid for AQA A level sociology.

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In this theories and methods summary grid, find all of the necessary key thinkers and key terms to pass with flying colours.

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Topic Thinker Key Points




Functionalism/ Durkheim  Social order maintained through social cohesion
Consensus  Organic analogy – social institutions (school, family etc) maintain society
Structuralism

Functionalism/ Parsons  GAIL model (Goal attainment, Adaptation, Integration, Latent functions) 4 functional prerequisites
Consensus met by a separate sub-system of institutions.
Structuralism  G- society needs to set goals and allocate resources to achieve them (political sub-system)
 A- adaptation of the environment to meet peoples material needs (economic sub system)
 I- different parts of the system must be integrated together to pursue shared goals (religion, media
etc)
 L- Processes that maintain society over time. Family provides pattern maintenance and tension
management, ensuring, individuals and motivated to keep performing their roles.
 Structural Differentiation – societies evolve and new needs arise, institutions become more
specialised and funtions they once performed are lost to new institutions (explanation of social
evolution)
Functionalism/ Merton  Criticises universal concept of Functionalism = society can be dysfunctional
Consensus  Functional autonomy – sections of society are independent of eachother
Structuralism  Manifest functions of an institution- recognised and intended outcome
 Latent functions of an institution- unrecognised and unintended
Marxism/ Marx  Economy determined the nature of social institutions as well as peoples values and beliefs
Conflict  Structure of society divided into infrastructure ( means and relations of production) and
Structuralism superstructure ( social institutions, reflects ideas of dominant ideology)
 Surplus value- production of more than what is needed ( provides profit for employers)
Neo-marxism Gramsci  Hegemony – dominance of one group over another supported by legitimating norms and ideas.
(Humanistic)  Thought Marx was mistaken giving such importance to the economy, he saw ideology and people’s
ideas as having relative autonomy from the economic base.
 By hegemony, Gramsci was referring to the dominance in society of the ruling class’s set of ideas
over others and the acceptance of them by the rest of society.

, Neo-marxism Althusser  Argued the structure of society does not just consist of the economic base and the superstructure
(Structuralist) but of three levels. (Economic – economic and production of material goods, Political – gov &
organisations involved in control of society RSA, Ideological- ISA)

Feminism Walby  Sees patriarchy as embedded in 6 structures (Household, Paid work, The state, Sexuality, Male
violence, Cultural institutions)


Feminism Liberal feminists  Inequality arises from factors like sexist stereotyping and gender role socialisation.
 Legal, economic and social inequality will come through gradual reform.


Feminism Radical feminists  Men dominate women in all spheres.
 Power struggles- all personal relationships with men involve sexual politics
 Propose complete destruction of the patriarchy and call for political lesbianism and separationism
 Firestone and Ortner link women’s subordination to women’s biology which makes them dependent
and vunerable.
Feminism Marxist feminism  Gender inequality arises primarily from the nature of Capitalist society
 Women are used as a reserve army of labour or as free labour in the form of domestic labour and
childcare which reproduces labour at no cost.
 Women’s expressive role is to absorb men’s anger at their exploitation at work. (Ansley; takers of
shit)
 Barrett and Mcintosh argue that the ideology of the idealised cereal packet family is patriarchal and
harmful to interests of all women (mainly working class)
Feminism Intersectional  Emerged out of concern that early feminists ignored different experiences of patriarchal
Feminism subordination of black peoples and other ethnic minorities.
 Emphasise that whilst all women suffer many of the same problem, not all women are in the same
position.
 Emphasise that different forms of discrimination can become intensified when they combine,
overlap or intersect.

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