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Samenvatting Internationale Economie
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Samenvatting van het vak Internationale Economie leerjaar 2 van de master opleiding leraar algemene economie. NHLStenden
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Samenvatting Internationale EconomieFalco Braaksma
Master Algemene Economie
Jaar 2
Inhoudsopgave:
1
,1.0 H3 Comparative kosten....................................................................................................3
1.1 Adam Smith................................................................................................................. 3
1.2 David Ricardo.............................................................................................................. 4
1.2.1 Aannames van het model van Ricardo.................................................................4
1.2.2 Comparative advantage:......................................................................................4
1.2.3 Wat bepaalt de internationale ruilverhouding?......................................................4
1.3 Misconceptions............................................................................................................ 5
1.4 Relatieve lonen & beperking model..............................................................................5
2.0 Heckscher-Ohlin model (H5/H6).......................................................................................6
2.1 Uitgangspunten Heckscher-Ohlin en verklaring handel................................................6
2.2 The Production Possibility Frontier without Factor Substitution....................................6
2.2.1 The Production Possibility, Frontier with Factor Substitution................................7
2.3 Conclusie van Heckscher –Ohlin.................................................................................7
2.4 Figuren H 5. 5.3 Prices and Production.......................................................................7
2.5 Stolper-Samuelson theorema......................................................................................8
2.6 Rybczynski effect......................................................................................................... 8
2.7 Heckscher-Ohlin in het kort..........................................................................................8
3.0 H6: standard trade model. Verdere H-O Model................................................................9
3.1 Productiemogelijkhedencurves....................................................................................9
3.2 Verschil groot en klein land gevolgen groei op de welvaart........................................10
3.2.1 Uitzonderlijke situatie: Immiserizing growth........................................................10
3.2.2 Verschil export biased en import biased growth.................................................10
3.4 Gevolgen van terms of trade verandering voor de welvaart.......................................10
3.5 Verschil tussen groei in eigen land of in het andere land...........................................11
3.6 Importheffingen en exportsubsidies...........................................................................11
3.6.1 Gevolgen internationale ruilverhouding bij importheffing....................................11
3.6.2 Gevolgen internationale ruilverhouding van export subsidie...............................11
4.0 nieuwe(re) handelstheorieën..........................................................................................12
4.1 Increasing returns to scale:........................................................................................12
4.2 External economies of scale (H7)..............................................................................12
4.2.1 Dynamic increasing returns to scale...................................................................12
4.3 External economies en handel...................................................................................13
4.4 External economies of scale: nadeel van handel (TOETS)........................................13
4.5 Economische geografie..............................................................................................13
4.5.1 Krugman............................................................................................................. 13
4.5.2 Mobiliteit volgens Krugman.................................................................................14
4.6 Implicaties voor ontwikkelingseconomie.....................................................................14
4.6.1 Externe schaalvoordelen:...................................................................................14
4.7 New trade theory:.......................................................................................................14
4.7.1 Hecksher-Ohlin new trade theorie......................................................................14
4.7.2 Krugman: verklaring voor intra-industriële handel...............................................15
4.8 Samengevat............................................................................................................... 15
4.8.1 Gravity model.....................................................................................................15
4.8.2 Belemmeringen voor handel: afstand, belemmeringen en grenzen (en
handelskosten)............................................................................................................ 15
4.8.3 veranderende patroon van de wereldhandel: is de wereld kleiner geworden?....16
4.8.4 Trade costs verhogen de Marginal costs.................................................................16
4.9 H8: Samenvatting......................................................................................................16
2
, 4.10 Country similarity theory (Steffan Linder).................................................................16
5.0 De voordelen van handel................................................................................................17
5.1 Toets vraag Qa=Qv....................................................................................................18
5.2 Importtarief voor een klein land..................................................................................18
5.3 Afleiden exportaanbodcurve......................................................................................20
5.4 Gevolgen importtarief door groot land op exportaanbod en importprijs......................20
5.5 Importtarief voor een groot land.................................................................................21
5.6 Rekenen met een tarief..............................................................................................21
5.7 Gevolgen van invoerquotum......................................................................................22
5.6.1 Importquotum in een klein land...............................................................................22
5.7 Exportsubsidie in een klein land.................................................................................23
5.8 Exportsubsidie in een groot land................................................................................23
5.9 Handelspolitieke instrumenten...................................................................................23
5.10 Vrijhandel tegengaan? Vrijhandel............................................................................24
5.11 Infant industry argument voor invoerrechten:...........................................................24
5.11.1 Vrijhandel enorm gestegen...................................................................................24
5.11.2 GATT en WTO.................................................................................................25
5.11.3 Preferentiële handelsliberalisering....................................................................25
5.11.4 Handelsschepping of handelsverschuiving.......................................................25
5.11.5 Ontwikkelingslanden: vroeger vooral import-substituting industrialisatie..........25
5.12 Trade liberalization...................................................................................................26
5.13 Nominale en effectieve protectiegraad:....................................................................26
6.0 Wisselkoersen................................................................................................................ 26
6.1 Wisselkoersen bereken + revaluatie..........................................................................26
6.2 Notatie wisselkoers....................................................................................................27
6.3 Arbitrage & rendement...............................................................................................27
6.4 Wisselkoers van Asset approach (H14).....................................................................27
6.4.1 Valutamarkt........................................................................................................ 27
6.5 Verwacht rendement..................................................................................................27
6.5.1 Voorbeeld rendement rekenen...........................................................................28
6.5.2 Evenwicht op valutamarkt...................................................................................28
6.5.3 Waarom moet er sprake zijn van intrestpariteit?.................................................29
6.6 Relatie tussen wisselkoers (spotrate) en verwacht rendement...................................29
6.7 Comparing Dollar Rates of Return on Dollar and Euro Deposits................................30
6.8 Purchasing Power parity............................................................................................30
1.0 H3 Comparative kosten.
1.1 Adam Smith
Een land heeft een absoluut voordeel boven een ander land als het een (consumptie)goed
efficiënter kan produceren.
Wanneer een land een absoluut voordeel in de productie van een goed heeft, maar een
absoluut nadeel ten opzichte van een ander land in een ander goed, dan kunnen beide
3
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