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Zusammenfassung Englisch Q1, Abitur Hessen 2020
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Q1THE USA - the formation of a nation
Development & principles of American democracy & the constitution
1492: Columbus discovers America
1607: First English settlers (Puritans) want to settle to North America
-> escape religious persecution (will to live in freedom)
1620: Mayflower (first English ship in America)
- get land from indigenous (einheimische) Indians
↯ clashes = settlers see land as property
-> want to be colony of England with own principles
1751 - 1765: Colonies get richer (fishing, cotton)
-> Higher taxes for England
-> rising anger of the colonists
-> England wants to benefit as much as possible
=> taxation of tea
1756 - 1761: 7 years war
- battle for dominance on America
- England vs. France (fight for expansion)
1770: Boston Massacre: 5 civilians are killed by British troops-> rising rebellion against the British
1773: Boston Tea Party
Colonist throw tea of ships into the sea (belonging to the British East India Company)
- colonists want to have a political impact
1775: Escalation: England sends troops against colonists
AMERICAN REVOLUTION -> „WAR“
4th July 1776: Declaration of Independence: 13 colonies declare themselves as independent from England
(Win war with help of France, Spain & the Netherlands)
1787: Constitutional Convention: Representatives of all 13 colonies working out completely new system of
government (Power to rule is shared/ elections of the representatives)
-> first decision: own army (commander-in-chief: George Washington)
Summer 1787: introduction of the constitution
1790 - 1890: Frontier -> America starts moving westwards
5th of December 1791: Bill of rights: first 10 additional articles for the constitution
AMERICA + CONSTITUTION = FIRST MODERN DEMOCRACY
THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION
- American government was & is still perceived as a government serving the people, as representing their
interests (President Lincoln, Gettysburg Adress, 1863: a government of the people, by the people, for the
people)
- by creating three branches of government (legislative, executive & judicative) & clearly defining the
powers of each branch the Constitution instituted the separation of powers & system of checks and
balances
- can changed by adding an amendment
, 1. Declaration of Independence (1776)
- separation from England
- right to found a state union
2. Introduction of the Constitution (1787)
- basic ideas: belief in the fundamental rights of the people, government by agreement of the governed
- world’s oldest written constitution -> still working successfully
3. Bill of rights (1791)
- first ten additional articles for the constitution
(America felt that a clear statement of these guaranties are necessary)
- freedom of religion, the freedom of speech & press
- freedom of assembly
- the people’s right fo bear arms
- the freedom to petition
- protection against unreasonable searches & seizures
- protection against imprisonment without specific charge
- right to a speedy public trial by an impartial jury
- protection against cruel & unusual punishment
1st amendment: freedom of religion, speech, press & right to assemble in public
2nd amendment: the right to bear arms
Principles of American Constitution
1. Federalism (one common government, additional own ones -> independence)
2. Popular sovereignty (all power to the people -> Elections)
3. Separation of powers
4. Checks & Balances (mutual control & power balance)
Structure of the Constitution
The powers of the American president
- suggests legislation (Gesetze)
- presents the budget
- appoints federal judges
- decides on the foreign policy of the nation
- can choose his Cabinet ministers who are only responsible to him
- as a commander-in-chief he can deploy troops
- as head of state he has ceremonial duties & represents the nation
The system of checks & balances
- president needs support of at least one of the two houses, the Senate or the House of Representatives
- Congress can refuse to provide the money required to finance a particular program
- government consists of 3 branches, each holding separate & independent powers:
• legislative: authority to make laws (Congress)
• executive: enforces laws (president & his cabinet)
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