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Differentiële psychologie
Inhoud
1 Inleiding ............................................................................................................................. 9
1.1 Klassieke theorieën ...................................................................................................... 9
1.2 Hedendaags onderzoek naar persoonlijkheid .............................................................. 9
1.2.1 Kennis domein...................................................................................................... 9
1.2.1.1 Zes kennis domeinen ..................................................................................... 9
2 Persoonlijkheidstrekken over de tijd: Stabiliteit versus verandering ............................... 11
2.1 Conceptuele begrippen ............................................................................................. 11
2.1.1 Persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling ............................................................................ 11
2.1.2 Twee vormen van stabiliteit ............................................................................... 11
2.1.3 Persoonlijkheidsverandering: Twee definiërende kwaliteiten ........................... 12
2.1.3.1 Intern ........................................................................................................... 12
2.1.3.2 Aanhoudend ................................................................................................ 12
2.2 Drie niveaus van analyse ........................................................................................... 13
2.2.1 Populatie niveau ................................................................................................. 13
2.2.2 Groepsverschillen niveau ................................................................................... 13
2.2.3 Individuele verschilniveau ................................................................................. 13
2.3 Stabiliteit van persoonlijkheidstrekken over de tijd .................................................. 13
2.3.1 Stabiliteit van temperament gedurende eerste levensjaren (Baby en peutertijd
‘infancy’) .......................................................................................................................... 13
2.3.2 Stabiliteit doorheen kinderjaren (childhood) ...................................................... 14
2.3.2.1 Studie Saudino (2012): ............................................................................... 14
2.3.2.2 Enkele conclusies ........................................................................................ 15
2.3.3 Rangorde stabiliteit in volwassenheid ................................................................ 15
2.3.3.1 Rangorde stabiliteit van Big Five trekken................................................... 16
2.3.4 Gemiddeld niveau stabiliteit in volwassenheid .................................................. 17
2.3.4.1 Gemiddelde scores Big Five trekken op verschillende leeftijden ............... 17
2.4 Persoonlijkheidsverandering: enkele aspecten die meer opvallend veranderen ........ 18
2.4.1 Zelfwaarde .......................................................................................................... 18
2.4.2 Sensation seeking ............................................................................................... 20
2.4.2.1 Sensation seeking en impulsiviteit .............................................................. 20
2.4.3 Maturiteit ............................................................................................................ 20
2.4.4 Onafhankelijkheid en traditionele rollen ............................................................ 20
2.4.5 Voorspelbare veranderingen volgens toenemende leeftijd ................................ 21
2.5 Persoonlijkheidsverandering: cohorte effecten.......................................................... 21
1
,Aurélie Weverbergh 3BA PSYCH 2021-2022
VUB
2.5.1 Assertiviteit van vrouwen in reactie op veranderingen in sociale status en rollen
22
2.6 Persoonlijkheidsverandering voorspellen .................................................................. 22
2.6.1 Effect persoonlijkheid op relaties ....................................................................... 22
2.6.1.1 Recent onderzoek ........................................................................................ 22
2.7 Tussen stabiliteit en verandering: persoonlijkheidsfluctuatie ................................... 23
2.8 Samenvatting ............................................................................................................. 23
3 Genen en persoonlijkheid ................................................................................................. 24
3.1 Inleiding ..................................................................................................................... 24
3.1.1 Het menselijk genoom ........................................................................................ 24
3.1.2 Controverses over genen en persoonlijkheid ..................................................... 25
3.2 Begrippen en doel van gedragsgenetica .................................................................... 25
3.2.1 Doelen van gedragsgenetica ............................................................................... 25
3.2.2 Wat is erfelijkheid/overerfbaarheid? .................................................................. 26
3.2.2.1 Misvattingen over erfelijkheid .................................................................... 26
3.2.2.2 Nature-Nurture debat .................................................................................. 27
3.3 Methodes ................................................................................................................... 27
3.3.1 Kwantitatieve methoden in gedragsgenetica ...................................................... 27
3.3.1.1 Selectief kweken ......................................................................................... 27
3.3.1.2 Familiestudies ............................................................................................. 27
3.3.1.3 Tweelingen studies ...................................................................................... 28
3.3.1.4 Adoptie studies............................................................................................ 28
3.3.1.5 Voor en nadelen van verschillende methodes ............................................. 29
3.4 Belangrijke bevindingen ............................................................................................ 29
3.4.1 Persoonlijkheidstrekken ..................................................................................... 29
3.4.1.1 Als… dan…profielen .................................................................................. 30
3.4.2 Attitudes en voorkeuren ..................................................................................... 30
3.4.3 Drinken en roken ................................................................................................ 31
3.4.4 Huwelijk ............................................................................................................. 31
3.5 Omgevingsinvloeden ................................................................................................. 31
3.5.1 Het raadsel van gedeelde en niet-gedeelde omgevingsinvloeden ...................... 31
3.6 Genen en de omgeving: 2 belangrijke aandachtspunten ........................................... 32
3.6.1 Genotype-omgevingsinteractie ........................................................................... 32
3.6.2 Genotype-omgevingscorrelatie .......................................................................... 32
3.6.2.1 Passief ......................................................................................................... 33
3.6.2.2 Reactief ....................................................................................................... 33
3.6.2.3 Actief ........................................................................................................... 33
2
,Aurélie Weverbergh 3BA PSYCH 2021-2022
VUB
3.6.3 Invloed van omgeving op genexpressie ............................................................. 33
3.7 Moleculaire genetica .................................................................................................. 34
3.7.1 DRD4 ................................................................................................................. 34
3.7.2 SNP..................................................................................................................... 34
3.8 Gedragsgenetica, wetenschap, politiek en waarden .................................................. 34
3.9 Samenvatting ............................................................................................................. 35
4 Fysiologische benadering van persoonlijkheid ................................................................ 36
4.1 Inleiding, begrippen en geschiedenis ......................................................................... 36
4.1.1 Hersenschade en persoonlijkheid ....................................................................... 36
4.1.2 Fysiologische systemen ...................................................................................... 36
4.1.2.1 Fysiologische indicatoren ........................................................................... 36
4.1.2.2 Fysiologisch/biologisch causaal substraat .................................................. 36
4.1.3 Doel fysiologische benadering ........................................................................... 37
4.2 Fysiologische maten in persoonlijkheidsonderzoek .................................................. 37
4.2.1 Electrodermale respons/activiteit (huidgeleiding) ............................................. 38
4.2.2 Cardiovasculaire activiteit .................................................................................. 38
4.2.3 Hersenactiviteit................................................................................................... 39
4.2.3.1 Persoonlijkheid en fMRI ............................................................................. 39
4.2.3.2 Angst en fMRI ............................................................................................ 39
4.2.3.3 Persoonlijkheid en specifieke hersenstructuren .......................................... 40
4.2.3.4 Persoonlijkheid en verwerken van humor ................................................... 40
4.2.4 Andere metingen ................................................................................................ 40
4.3 Persoonlijkheidsdimensies met fysiologisch substraat .............................................. 41
4.3.1 Extraversie-introversie ....................................................................................... 41
4.3.1.1 Eysenck’s theorie: fysiologisch substraat ................................................... 41
4.3.2 Gevoeligheid voor beloning en straf .................................................................. 43
4.3.2.1 Integratie model van Eysenck ..................................................................... 44
4.3.2.2 Persoonlijkheid en gokken .......................................................................... 45
4.3.3 Sensatiezucht (sensation seeking) ...................................................................... 45
4.3.3.1 Onderzoek van Zuckerman: ........................................................................ 45
4.3.4 Neurotransmitters en persoonlijkheid ................................................................ 46
4.3.5 Ochtendtype/avondtype ...................................................................................... 47
4.3.6 Hersenasymmetrie en affectieve stijl ................................................................. 48
4.4 Samenvatting ............................................................................................................. 49
5 Evolutionaire benadering van persoonlijkheid ................................................................. 50
5.1 Evolutietheorie........................................................................................................... 50
5.1.1 Basistheorie en principes .................................................................................... 50
3
, Aurélie Weverbergh 3BA PSYCH 2021-2022
VUB
5.1.1.1 Natuurlijke selectie ..................................................................................... 50
5.1.1.2 Seksuele selectie ......................................................................................... 50
5.1.1.3 Genen en inclusieve fitheid ......................................................................... 51
5.1.2 Producten van evolutionaire processen .............................................................. 52
5.1.2.1 Adaptaties ................................................................................................... 52
5.1.2.2 Neven producten van adaptaties ................................................................. 53
5.1.2.3 Ruis of ad random variaties ........................................................................ 53
5.1.3 Misvattingen ....................................................................................................... 53
5.2 Evolutionaire psychologie ......................................................................................... 54
5.2.1 Empirisch testen van evolutionaire hypothesen ................................................. 54
5.3 3 domeinen van toepassing: ....................................................................................... 55
5.3.1 Menselijke natuur ............................................................................................... 55
5.3.1.1 Need to belong ............................................................................................ 55
5.3.1.2 Helpgedrag en altruïsme ............................................................................. 56
5.3.1.3 Universele emoties ...................................................................................... 58
5.3.2 Geslachtsverschillen ........................................................................................... 58
5.3.2.1 Aantal seksuele partners (verlangen naar seksuele afwisseling) ................ 59
5.3.2.2 Kwaliteit gewenst bij partners..................................................................... 60
5.3.3 Individuele verschillen ....................................................................................... 60
5.3.3.1 Perspectief 1 ................................................................................................ 60
5.3.3.2 Perspectief 2 ................................................................................................ 61
5.3.3.3 Perspectief 3 ................................................................................................ 61
5.3.3.4 Perspectief 4 ................................................................................................ 61
5.3.3.5 The big five en evolutionair relevante adaptieve problemen ...................... 62
5.4 Beperkingen van evolutionaire benadering ............................................................... 63
5.4.1 Ongekend verleden ............................................................................................. 63
5.4.2 Onbegrepen fenomenen ...................................................................................... 63
5.4.3 De wereld is anders nu ....................................................................................... 63
5.4.4 Alternatieve verklaringen ................................................................................... 63
5.4.5 Moeilijk toetsbaar ............................................................................................... 64
5.5 Samenvatting ............................................................................................................. 64
6 Intelligentie....................................................................................................................... 65
6.1 Inleiding ..................................................................................................................... 65
6.1.1 Waarom is intelligentie belangrijk? ................................................................... 65
6.2 Wat is intelligent zijn? ............................................................................................... 66
6.2.1 Definitie van intelligentie ................................................................................... 66
6.2.1.1 Impliciete intelligentietheorieën ................................................................. 66
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