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Aantekeningen kennisclips Z&M
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Aantekeningen kennisclips Z&M
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Z&M Kennisclip aantekeningenWeek 1 KC 1: Kanker
- Tumoren worden gevormd door excessieve ongecontroleerde en autonome delingen van eigen
lichaamscellen
- Tumoren worden ingedeeld in goedaardig en kwaadaardig
o Verschillen:
- Basis van maligniteit
o Infiltratie
o Metastasering (> uitzaaiing)
- Grote groei van patiënten en genezingen voorspeld
,- Classificatie van tumoren op basis van weefselorigine
o Carcinomen uit epitheel
▪ Long, maag, huid...
o Sarcomen uit steunweefsel (mesenchym)
▪ Botweefsel, bindweefsel, vetweefsel, spierweefsel...
o Maligne lymfomen uit lymfeweefsel
▪ Leukemie, bloedkanker
o Blastomen uit cellen van zich ontwikkelend weefsel
▪ Blasten > netvlies, nier..., erfelijk
o Kiemceltumoren uit kiemcellen
▪ Geslachtscellen
- Gevolgen van kanker
o Weefselbeschadiging met secundaire functies
o Vaatwandbeschadiging met bloeding
o Doorgroei van tumor in buikholte etc. Met infecties
o Obstructies van organen
o Algemene verschijnselen: gewichtsverlies, koorts, anemie,…
- Oorzaken van kanker > verworven:
o Ioniserende straling
o Chemische carcinogenen
o Oncogene virussen
o Hormonen
o Auto-immuunziekten
- Oorzaken kanker > aangeboren:
o Twee verschillende groepen genen > proto-oncogenen en tumorsuppressor-genen
o Mutaties in meerdere genen voor kankercel
o Ook andere genen spelen rol bij infiltratie, metastasering, etc.
- Proto-oncogenen:
o Zorgen voor overdracht groeisignalen van cel naar cel
o Door mutatie kan dit gen voortdurend aan blijven staan en oncogen worden
o Activiteiten van oncogen: overproductie groeifactoren, veranderde receptor, foute
signaaltransductie, veranderde transcriptiefactoren > ongeremde celgroei
- Tumorsuppressor-genen:
o Belemmeren celdeling
o Mechanismen: productie eiwitten die celdeling remmen, onderbreken
signaaltransductie, wegvangen Ras, remmen transcriptie
o Introductie van deze genen kunnen ongeremde deling remmen > mutatie: ze doen niks
> ongeremde celdeling
- Bescherming tegen transformatie
o Apoptose-cellen (p53)
o DNA-repairgenen > bij mutatie in een DNA-herstelgen
- Detectiemethoden
o Genetische testen
o Betere beeldvorming
, o Tumormarkers
- Klassieke kankertherapie (curatief en palleatief)
o Chirurgie
o Bestraling
o Chemotherapie
- Nieuwe doelwitten kankertherapie
o Hormoontherapie > stoffen toegediend die hormonen onderdrukken
o Doelgerichte therapie zoals monoklonale antilichamen
o Immuuntherapie > afstoting van tumor induceren (CAR-T, checkpointremmers, …)
Week 1 KC 2: infectieziekten
- Disease = a pathological condition of body parts or tissues characterized by an identifiable group
of signs and symptoms
- Infectious disease = disease caused by an infectious agent such as a bacterium, virus, protozoan,
or fungus that can be passed on to others
- Infection = occurs when an infectious agent enters the body and begins to reproduce; may or
may not lead to disease
- Pathogen = an infectious agent that causes disease
- Host = an organism infected by another organism
- Virulence = the relative ability of an agent to cause rapid and severe disease in a host
- HIV/AIDS, malaria, TBC, diarrhea
- Koch's postulates:
o Four criteria to demonstrate that a specific disease is caused by a particular agent
▪ The specific agent must be associated with every case of the disease
▪ The agent must be isolated form a diseased host and grown in culture
▪ When the culture-grown agent is introduced into a healthy susceptible host, the
agent must cause the same disease
▪ The same agent must again be isolated from the infected experimental host
- Most infectious agents that cause disease are microscopic in size and thus, are called microbes
or microorganisms.
- Groups of agents:
o Bacteria
o Viruses
o Protozoa
o Fungi
o Helminths
- Agents transmitted in many ways:
o Through air
o Contaminated food/water
o Body fluids
o Direct contact
, o Animal vectors
- Phases of infectious disease:
o Incubation period > time between infection and appearance of signs/symptoms
o Prodromal phase > mild, non-specifc symptoms that signal onset of some disease
o Clinical phase > typical signs of disease
o Decline phase > subsidence of symptoms
o Recovery phase > symptoms have dissapeared, tissues heal, body restrains strength
- Classification
o Duration
▪ Acute
▪ Chronic
▪ Latent (no symptoms/outbreaks of illness)
o Location
▪ Local
▪ Systemic
o Timing
▪ Primary
▪ Secondary
- How infectious agents cause disease
o Production of poisons that destroy cells and tissue
o Direct invasion and destruction of host cells
o Triggering responses from the host's immune system leading to disease signs/symptoms
- Reducing spread of infectious diseases
o Vaccines
o Antimicrobial drugs
o Good personal hygiene and sanitation
o Protection against mosquitoes
o Quarantine
- Diseases can emerge or re-emerge due to:
o Appearance of a previously unknown agent
o Evolution of a new infectious agent
o Spread of an infectious agent to new host
o Spread of an infectious agent to new locations
o Acquisition of resistance to anti-microbial drugs
o Deliberate introduction into a population (terrorism)
Week 2 KC 1: Medische behandelingen
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