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Intro to Archaeology Notes
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Anth 2100- Test twoContext Arch
1) Physical Space – geographic scale of cultural systems, local systems (small scale, community
level), economics, politics, social orgs., belief systems) Regional systems ( patterns within a
region, ecozone ( river valley, grasslands, forest) Ecological range ( multiple zones)
Local systems- small scale, community level – group of settlements- single settlements- artifacts and
features.
2) Temporal (time)
3) Cultural
Preservation- (what we don’t often find)- typically organic materials, cloth, wood, leather, basketry,
paper, foodstuffs.
What we do find- durables, Eco facts, pollen, artifacts- and or feathers, stone, pottery, bones.
Preservation environments- natural conditions impact kinds of quantity of evidence. Conditions of
preservation and decay vary by enviro. (temp/humidity)
Hot/dry enviros. Organic well- very cold=great!
Moderate enviro. (Forest, grasslands= not good)
Rapid decomposition – leather, seeds, nuts, wood, bone, pollen,
Slowly- metals
Inert- stone, fired clay, charred plants, animal bones, shells
Arch and ethnography- ethnography- investigation of a group of people traditionally non-western
through practice past obs and description of practice, activities, behaviours, and beliefs.
Ethnographic analogy- comparison b/w ethnography and arch. To explain similar things.
Ethnoarch- the strategic gathering and studying of entho., data on human behaviour and its
ramifications by archeologist.
Taphonomy- study of what happens b/w deposition and retrieval
Matrix- material surrounding artifacts, ecofacts, and features ( clay, gravel sediments)
Context- the location of artifacts in relation to other items/ material ( matrix in which artifacts are
found)
Secondary context- objects that have been removed from where thery were disposed of
Provinence- place of origin where iut was found ( implies context) 3d locations in spaced
, Systematic context- the setting, use, meaning, values etc- of things as part of living society.
Abonnement- transformation ( two kinds ( cultural/natural)
Site maintenance and abandonment- factors affecting abond. Rate of movement, tech of transport,
seasons, distance to next location, activities in settlement, size of pop. Size weight replacement cost,
functioning and removal use life of material culture ritual consideration.
Natural site formation processes affect arch context:
- Faunalturbation- animal ( burrowing grounds)
- Floralturbation- plants( roots, tree fall)
- Cryoturbation- freezing.thawing
- Graviturbation- mass wasting ( solifluction/ creep)
- Agrilliturbation- swelling/ shrinking of clays
- Aeroturbation- gas,air,wind
- Aquaturbation- water
- Crystalturbation- growth and wasting of salts
- Seismiturbation- earthquakes
Cultural transforms- 1) reclamation, 2) scavenging, 3) reuse
The research universe-
Non arbitrary sample units- natural areas ( microenviros) cultural entities, rooms, houses, sites.
Arbitrary samples- spatial divisions, no inherent natural or cultural relevance.
Total data collection- involves investigation of all units in the pop.
Sample data gathering- refers situations when only a portion or sample of the data can be collected
from a given data universe.
Probabilistic sampling- specific mathematically how a sample relates to a larger pop.
Simple random- each sample has equal chance
Systematic- 1st sample unit random, remainder by intervals (such as third or ninth unit)
Stratified- pop. Divided into divisions samples taken from each equally (3 diff, environment zones)
Non probabilistic sampling ( judgemental)- expertise to select the sample most relevant to the research
conducted.
Survey- site records
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