Samenvatting Politics, Media And Communication (7322E060FY)
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Course
Politics, Media And Communication (7322E060FY)
Institution
Universiteit Van Amsterdam (UvA)
In this summary you will find an overview of all articles in the Politics, Media and Communication course. All the information you need per article for the examination is present: the independent and dependent variable, method and most important claims. In addition, additional additions from the le...
Diamond (2010)
- Liberation Technology:
o The Orange Revolution (2004): Oekraïne
Verkiezingen beïnvloed
Via sms onderling contact tussen mensen hierover
Bottom-up grote protesten
Uiteindelijk: omverwerping regime
o Green movement (2009): Iran
Geloof dat verkiezingen beïnvloed waren
Via social media + sms mensen bij elkaar gebracht
Uiteindelijk geen omverwerping regime
Via de platformen mensen gevonden + gearresteerd
Repression techniques
o Arab Spring
Via social media snel opgeroepen tot demonstraties
Tunesië + Egypte: omverwerping regime
Andere landen: niet, slecht einde
Gezamenlijke taal hielp
o Obama/Trump: nieuwe manier scial media gebruik
Top-down ipv bottom-up
Social media ingezet om mensen bijeen te krijgen, donaties, nieuws zo
uitlichten dat je er goed uitziet
Obama-campagne (2008): miljard euro uitgegeven
Oa hoe aandacht van mensen vast te houden op internet, wat
mensen interessant vinden, etc.
Trump-campagne (2016): gebruikt technologie op nieuwe manier
Negatieve, agressieve toon
Mobilize supporters
o Chinese muur:
Social media-activiteit burgers monitoren
Framen: mensen krijgen geld om positief te berichten over dingen die
gebeuren in het land
Deibert (2019)
- 3 painful truths about social media
o The social media business is built around personal-data surveillance
Products ultimately designed to spy on us push personalized
advertising in our direction
o We have consented to this, but not willingly
Social media are designed as addiction machines
Expressly designed to draw upon our emotions
o The attention-grabbing algorithms underlying social media also propel
authoritarian practices that aim to show confusion, ignorance, prejudice and
chaos
, Facilitating manipulation and undermining accountability
The fine-grained surveillance that companies perform for economic
reasons is a valuable proxy for authoritarian control
FILTER BUBBLES AND ECHO CHAMBERS
Barbera et al. (2015)
- Production homogeneous networks through social media depends on the topic and
the individual
o DV: Polarization
Percentage of retweets among ideologically similar
Degree of ideological homogeneity in communities of users detected
in the research network
Average ideological extremity of the content that was spread through
retweets
o IV:
Ideology
Topic (political vs non-political)
o Method: Exploring dataset of 150 million tweets
o Main claims:
Filter bubbles/echo chambers arise sometimes, depending on the
topic
Ideological asymmetry: Liberals retweet more conservative tweets
than vice-versa
o Grafiek: als je dichtbij elkaar staat, ben je het heel erg eens met de mensen
om je heen.
Grafiek a: heel gepolariseerd, duidelijk 2 kampen. Tussen de kampen
veel minder contact dan binnen de kampen.
Grafiek b: weinig interactie (weinig retweets etc), weinig gepolariseerd
Q&A
, - How to measure ideology?
o Ideology can be seen as a latent concept (= set of beliefs on the world)
Barbera et al. (2015)’s method is new and uses a logic of proximity (no
access to people, only data). Assumption that proximity (with
someone on social media) and ideology relate (=homophily)
Validity checks in Figure 1
Proximity is a continuum, but interaction is measured as going
from Democrat Republican, not from extreme
center
- Does social media create homogeneous topics?
o It depends (who, what and how)
Barbera et al (2015): it depends on the topic and the individual
Dahlgren et al. (2015)
- DV:
o Selective exposure
Traditional and online news media
o Political attitudes (ideological leaning)
- IV:
o Selective exposure
Traditional and online news media
o Political attitudes (ideological leaning)
- ! Onafhankelijke en afhankelijke variabele veranderen steeds van plaats
- Method: Three-wave panel study
- Main claim: People do seek-out ideologically consistent news (selective exposure) but
the effects are minor
- Additional claim: Attitude-consistent news exposure reinforces ideological leaning
over time
- Additional claim: Relatively low ideological selective exposure
- Additional claim: Significant degree of cross-cutting news exposure online
Vaccari et al. (2016)
- DV:
o Level of engagement (H1) (with supportive networks H3)
o Composition of discussion network (H2)
- IV:
o Type of network (supportive, oppositional, mixed) (H1)
o Online vs offline (H2)
o Quantity of sent messages (H3) intensity of online political involvement
- Method: Survey
- Main claim: Offline dynamics are similar to online dynamics. People who only want to
hear supportive messages offline, also behave this way online. People with a higher
political interest are more likely to select into supportive networks.
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