Making A levels Chemistry easy. Complete set of notes for organic chemistry written on an Ipad. Completely worth the price. Compiled by a degree level chemistry student. These notes can be used to study for any examining board. A level chemistry can be taught in an over complicated, when all you ne...
, Free radical substitution
f- Cl } homogtii
c. a -91 }nervoustic
G usually
non polar atoms
Homolytic fission is the breaking of a covalent bond in such a way that one electron goes
to each atom.
Termination step :
free radicals react together
Byproducts form if excess chlorine is used .
There are different types of propagation steps
The propagation steps can continue beyond the formation of methane, and can result in the
formation of dichloromethane, trichloromethane or tetrachloromethane:
, faster than sub weak IT bonds broken note bonds
Free Radical and Electrophillic Addition
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hvmovementot electrons *
nexrdyti : BE -4¥
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arrangement
→
c:c
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,
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c=c
it
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for
it -
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It
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*zsoeit it water it ,H
lil 'H H
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it it →H C C H
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-
-
H
+
µd →H c-
E- H µ -
g
-
g -
¥
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OH
¥¥=o
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o T
l
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t.is?tIo
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reaction
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✗tnédensiiy Steph OH
( double bonds d- bonds
-
•
unsaturated can
be broken down
to
saturated .
-
undergo addition
-
SPEED
Metatron
Both fission occurs .
Hydrolysis of water forms an alcohol
water is used to break the covalent bonds
Cturtnerreactuinocaus
, attachment
.
' -
electronegativity
Unsymmetrical alkenes Markow NIKO
Stabllty
ftp.vodeedtbljy-H
É É % ¥-1T →
"
-
-
H or
"
-
2 products
only if electrophile
+ anti
¥2 y+
It Br Br It is not symmetrical
A-
By z
- s 3
This is known as Markownikoff's rule: "The more electronegative part of the electrophile will
usually attach itself to the more highly substituted carbon atom".
The major product of the addition reaction is known as the Markownikoff product.
The minor product of the addition reaction is known as the anti-Markownikoff product.
OH
alcohol
group
posNtD
When carbon atoms are not attached to the same groups
un¥tal
i.
.
There are usually 2
types of products that are formed .
the more stable
carbocation will
be the one which
is more highly
substituted. The
more
electronegative
part of the
electrophile will
thus always
attach itself to
the more highly
substituted
carbon atom.
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